{"id":2485,"date":"2025-03-14T17:36:12","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:36:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2485"},"modified":"2025-07-06T20:34:33","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T18:34:33","slug":"turectina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/turectina","title":{"rendered":"Ture\u010dtina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee ture\u010dtina nerozli\u0161uje mu\u017esk\u00fd a&nbsp;\u017eensk\u00fd rod? Pokud se chyst\u00e1te nav\u0161t\u00edvit Turecko nebo studovat tento turkick\u00fd jazyk, mo\u017en\u00e1 se v\u00e1m bude hodit sezn\u00e1mit se nejen s&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdmi z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi fr\u00e1zemi, ale tak\u00e9 stru\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159ehledem gramatick\u00fdch pravidel a&nbsp;v\u00fdvojem jazyka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"251\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-90.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-90.png 602w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-90-300x125.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj:https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/marstranslation.aws.bucket\/default\/0006\/32\/01966f0bb086174edb2a19046465bf1d2bb24b56.png<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jazyk ture\u010dtina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"page\/preklady-tur\"><strong>Ture\u010dtina<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny turkick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a&nbsp;je ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem\u00a0<strong>v\u00a0Turecku, Kypru a&nbsp;Severn\u00edm Kypru<\/strong>. Ze v\u0161ech turkick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f m\u00e1 v\u0161ak nejv\u00edce mluv\u010d\u00edch. Do t\u00e9to skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1le nap\u0159\u00edklad \u00e1zerb\u00e1jd\u017e\u00e1n\u0161tina a&nbsp;turkmen\u0161tina, kter\u00e9 jsou si s\u00a0ture\u010dtinou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b srozumiteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ture\u010dtina obsahuje spoustu slov p\u0159ejat\u00fdch z\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/arabstina\">arab\u0161tiny<\/a><\/strong>,\u00a0<a href=\"page\/preklady-per\"><strong>per\u0161tiny<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/rectina\"><strong>\u0159e\u010dtiny<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/preklady-francouzstiny\">francouz\u0161tiny<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/preklady-anglictiny\">angli\u010dtiny<\/a><\/strong>, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby je turkick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. Jazyk pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stejn\u011b jako v\u011bt\u0161ina evropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f latinku. Ta v\u0161ak byla zavedena a\u017e V\u00a020.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm je v\u0161ak p\u00edsmo velmi specifick\u00e9, je\u00a0<strong>psan\u00ed mal\u00e9ho \u201ei\u201c bez te\u010dky<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010c\u00edm se vyzna\u010duje ture\u010dtina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee se na prvn\u00ed pohled m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t ture\u010dtina pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00e1, je o&nbsp;n\u011bco jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e byste \u010dekali. Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhodou jazyka je to, \u017ee m\u00e1 jasn\u011b dan\u00fd syst\u00e9m a&nbsp;strukturu. Ture\u010dtina nav\u00edc&nbsp;<strong>nerozli\u0161uje p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edslovce ani mu\u017esk\u00fd a&nbsp;\u017eensk\u00fd rod<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;m\u00e1 pravideln\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed sloves i&nbsp;sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jmen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodou je fakt, \u017ee se v\u0161e&nbsp;<strong>vyslovuje stejn\u011b tak, jak se to p\u00ed\u0161e<\/strong>. Krom\u011b toho je ov\u0161em nutn\u00e9 d\u00e1t si pozor na v\u00fdslovnost n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch specifick\u00fdch znak\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u011e \u2013 toto \/g\/ se nevyslovuje,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C \u2013 vyslovujete jako \/d\u017e\/,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J \u2013 vyslovujete jako \/\u017e\/,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Y \u2013 vyslovujete jako \/j\/,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u015e \u2013 vyslovujete jako \/\u0161\/,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c7, C \u2013 vyslovujete jako \/\u010d\/,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d6 \u2013 jako byste cht\u011bli vyslovit \/o\/, ale \u0159eknete \/e\/ (jako v&nbsp;n\u011bm\u010din\u011b),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00dc \u2013 jako byste cht\u011bli vyslovit \/u\/, ale \u0159eknete \/i\/ (jako v&nbsp;n\u011bm\u010din\u011b),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00e2 \u2013 vyslovujete jako \u010desk\u00e9 \/\u00e1\/,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00ee \u2013 &nbsp;vyslovujete jako \u010desk\u00e9 \/\u00ed\/.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Turecko je velk\u00e1 zem\u011b, a&nbsp;proto se zde hovo\u0159\u00ed mnoha dialekty. Za spisovnou formu je ov\u0161em pova\u017eov\u00e1na pouze&nbsp;<strong>istanbulsk\u00e1 varianta<\/strong>. Dal\u0161\u00ed dialekty je pom\u011brn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 rozd\u011blit podle p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gramatika ture\u010dtiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ture\u010dtina je z&nbsp;hlediska typologie&nbsp;<strong>jazyk aglutina\u010dn\u00ed<\/strong>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pro ka\u017edou gramatickou kategorii vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jin\u00fd afix (p\u0159edponu). Jednotliv\u00e9 slovn\u00ed druhy tak vznikaj\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>odvozov\u00e1n\u00edm pomoc\u00ed afix\u016f<\/strong>. Sufixy (p\u0159\u00edpony) se v&nbsp;jazyce tak\u00e9 objevuj\u00ed, ale vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se o&nbsp;n\u011bco m\u00e9n\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad pro zes\u00edlen\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen a&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edslovc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na&nbsp;<strong>maj\u00ed kategorii p\u00e1du a&nbsp;\u010d\u00edsla<\/strong>. Jak jsme si ale uvedli ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e,&nbsp;<strong>kategorii rodu nemaj\u00ed<\/strong>. Jm\u00e9na se&nbsp;<strong>sklo\u0148uj\u00ed v&nbsp;6 p\u00e1dech pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpon<\/strong>. Mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo je tvo\u0159en\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpon \u201e-<em>ler<\/em>\u201c a&nbsp;\u201e-<em>lar<\/em>\u201c, v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti na hl\u00e1skov\u00e9 harmonii, nap\u0159. tedy: \u201e<em>odalar\u201c<\/em>, \u201e<em>evler\u201c<\/em>&nbsp;apod. Jednotliv\u00e9 p\u00e1dy vypadaj\u00ed n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong><em>P\u00e1d<\/em><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><em>P\u00e1dov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/em><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><em>\u017divotnost<\/em><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><em>Ne\u017eivotnost<\/em><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Nominativ<\/em><\/td><td>kim? ne?<\/td><td>adam (\u010dlov\u011bk)<\/td><td>oda (pokoj)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Genitiv<\/em><\/td><td>kimin? neyin?<\/td><td>adam\u0131n<\/td><td>odan\u0131n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Akuzativ<\/em><\/td><td>kimi? neyi?<\/td><td>adam\u0131<\/td><td>oday\u0131<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Dativ<\/em><\/td><td>kimde? nede?<\/td><td>adama<\/td><td>odaya<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Lok\u00e1l<\/em><\/td><td>kime? neye?<\/td><td>adamda<\/td><td>odada<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Ablativ<\/em><\/td><td>kimden? neden?<\/td><td>adamdan<\/td><td>odadan<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Slovesa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Slovesa jsou o&nbsp;n\u011bco komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed t\u00e9matikou, jeliko\u017e v&nbsp;ture\u010dtin\u011b existuje 9 slovesn\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f, kter\u00e9 se je\u0161t\u011b d\u011bl\u00ed na p\u0159ac\u00ed a&nbsp;oznamovac\u00ed. D\u00e1le m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9 sloveso&nbsp;<strong>kladn\u00fd a&nbsp;z\u00e1porn\u00fd tvar, t\u00e1zac\u00ed a&nbsp;z\u00e1porn\u00fd t\u00e1zac\u00ed tvar<\/strong>. Ty existuj\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010das, tedy pro p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd, minul\u00fd a&nbsp;budouc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das se ov\u0161em rozd\u011bluje na&nbsp;<strong>dokonav\u00fd a&nbsp;nedokonav\u00fd<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;minul\u00fd \u010das na&nbsp;<strong>ur\u010dit\u00fd a&nbsp;neur\u010dit\u00fd<\/strong>. V&nbsp;ture\u010dtin\u011b d\u00e1le existuj\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed a&nbsp;impotenci\u00e1ln\u00ed tvary, kter\u00e9 vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed modalitu sloves. Dobrou zpr\u00e1vou ale je, \u017ee&nbsp;<strong>v\u0161echna slovesa jsou pravideln\u00e1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syntax<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Stavba v\u011bty m\u00edrn\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 n\u011bmeck\u00fd slovosled. Zat\u00edmco p\u0159edm\u011bt v\u011bty stoj\u00ed na za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u011bty,&nbsp;<strong>p\u0159\u00edsudek se nach\u00e1z\u00ed a\u017e na jej\u00edm konci<\/strong>. Ostatn\u00ed v\u011btn\u00e9 \u010dleny jsou um\u00edst\u011bny mezi nimi. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o&nbsp;uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bty typu&nbsp;<strong>SOV<\/strong>. Slovosled je pevn\u00fd, nicm\u00e9n\u011b liter\u00e1rn\u00ed jazyk umo\u017e\u0148uje zm\u011bnu tohoto po\u0159\u00e1dku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vznik sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ture\u010dtiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ture\u010dtina je&nbsp;<strong>potomkem osmansk\u00e9 ture\u010dtiny<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;jej\u00edho p\u0159edch\u016fdce, takzvan\u00e9 staroanatolsk\u00e9 ture\u010dtiny, kter\u00e1 byla do Anatolie zavedena seld\u017euck\u00fdmi Turky (ze Seld\u017euck\u00e9 dynastie v&nbsp;oblasti centr\u00e1ln\u00ed Asie a&nbsp;St\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu) na konci 11.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed n. l. Star\u00e1 ture\u010dtina postupn\u011b&nbsp;<strong>p\u0159ej\u00edmala velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed arabsk\u00fdch a&nbsp;persk\u00fdch slov<\/strong>&nbsp;i&nbsp;gramatick\u00fdch forem a&nbsp;byla ps\u00e1na arabsk\u00fdm p\u00edsmem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Po zalo\u017een\u00ed Tureck\u00e9 republiky prob\u011bhla jazykov\u00e1 reforma a&nbsp;<strong>arabsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo bylo nahrazeno latinkou<\/strong>. O&nbsp;to se zaslou\u017eil prvn\u00ed tureck\u00fd president Atat\u00fcrk v&nbsp;roce 1928.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reforma jazyka byla podporov\u00e1na tureckou republik\u00e1nskou vl\u00e1dou a&nbsp;p\u0159es ve\u0161ker\u00e9 spory a&nbsp;odpor hnut\u00ed do\u0161lo k&nbsp;v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu&nbsp;<strong>o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tureck\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku<\/strong>&nbsp;od ciz\u00edch prvk\u016f a&nbsp;celkov\u00e9ho zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed jazyka. Vznikl tak v&nbsp;podstat\u011b&nbsp;<strong>nov\u00fd spisovn\u00fd jazyk<\/strong>. Z&nbsp;hlediska jazykov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje lze tedy rozli\u0161it \u010dty\u0159i obdob\u00ed ture\u010dtiny:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Star\u00e1 (anatolsk\u00e1 a&nbsp;osmansk\u00e1) ture\u010dtina: 13.\u201316.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>St\u0159edn\u00ed (osmansk\u00e1) ture\u010dtina: 17.\u201318.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (osmansk\u00e1) ture\u010dtina: 19.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Modern\u00ed ture\u010dtina: 20.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tureck\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>G\u00fcnayd\u0131n! \u2013 Dobr\u00e9 r\u00e1no!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130yi g\u00fcnler! \u2013 Dobr\u00fd den!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130yi ak\u015famlar! \u2013 Dobr\u00fd ve\u010der!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130yi geceler! \u2013 Dobrou noc!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ho\u015f\u00e7akal! \u2013 Na shledanou<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Merhaba! \u2013 Ahoj!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2013 Ano<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hay\u0131r. \u2013 Ne<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2013 Promi\u0148te<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u00fctfen. \u2013 Pros\u00edm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Te\u015fekk\u00fcrler. \u2013 D\u011bkuji<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bir \u015fey de\u011fil. \u2013 Nen\u00ed za\u010d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nerede? \u2013 Kde je?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nas\u0131ls\u0131n? \u2013 Jak se m\u00e1\u0161?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130yiyim. \u2013 M\u00e1m se dob\u0159e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130ngilizce biliyor musunuz? \u2013 Mluv\u00edte anglicky?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ka\u00e7? \u2013 Kolik?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>lokanta \u2013 restaurace<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>eczane \u2013 l\u00e9k\u00e1rna<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>otob\u00fcs terminali \u2013 autobusov\u00e9 n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tren gar\u0131 \u2013 vlakov\u00e9 n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/anglictina\">Angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/francouzstina\">Francouz\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nemcina\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee ture\u010dtina nerozli\u0161uje mu\u017esk\u00fd a&nbsp;\u017eensk\u00fd rod? Pokud se chyst\u00e1te nav\u0161t\u00edvit Turecko nebo studovat tento turkick\u00fd jazyk, mo\u017en\u00e1 se v\u00e1m bude hodit sezn\u00e1mit se nejen s&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdmi z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi fr\u00e1zemi, ale tak\u00e9 stru\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159ehledem gramatick\u00fdch pravidel a&nbsp;v\u00fdvojem jazyka. Zdroj:https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/marstranslation.aws.bucket\/default\/0006\/32\/01966f0bb086174edb2a19046465bf1d2bb24b56.png Jazyk ture\u010dtina Ture\u010dtina\u00a0pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny turkick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a&nbsp;je ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem\u00a0v\u00a0Turecku, Kypru a&nbsp;Severn\u00edm Kypru. Ze v\u0161ech turkick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2485","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2485"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2485\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8602,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2485\/revisions\/8602"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2485"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2485"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}