{"id":2477,"date":"2025-03-14T17:34:22","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2477"},"modified":"2025-07-06T20:21:25","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T18:21:25","slug":"romstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/romstina","title":{"rendered":"Rom\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Jako ka\u017ed\u00fd jin\u00fd n\u00e1rod, i Romov\u00e9 maj\u00ed sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed jazyk, tedy rom\u0161tinu. Jej\u00ed z\u00e1klady tvo\u0159\u00ed staroindick\u00e9 jazyky, ze kter\u00fdch poch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, \u010d\u00edm se tento jazyk vyzna\u010duje?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Zdroj: https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/460009\/original\/file-20220427-22-a3m5i8.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=0%2C112%2C5000%2C2500&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je za jazyk rom\u0161tina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rom\u0161tina je starobyl\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed do rodiny indoevropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b do skupiny indick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o novoindick\u00fd jazyk<\/strong>, kter\u00fd vznikl mimo \u00fazem\u00ed Indie, p\u0159esto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina jeho slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby poch\u00e1z\u00ed z t\u00e9to oblasti. P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd je zejm\u00e9na s hind\u0161tinou, marv\u00e1r\u0161tinou \u010di pa\u0148d\u017e\u00e1b\u0161tinou<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rom\u0161tina b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje p\u0159i\u0161la do kontaktu s mnoh\u00fdmi evropsk\u00fdmi jazyky, kter\u00e9 ji ovlivnily<\/strong>, zejm\u00e9na na \u00fazem\u00ed Bulharska, \u0158ecka a \u0160v\u00e9dska, a m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 \u0159adu dialekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed gramatickou strukturu. Jazyk se tak vyv\u00edjel p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm b\u011bhem putov\u00e1n\u00ed Rom\u016f z indick\u00e9ho subkontinentu<\/strong> do Evropy mezi 9. a 13. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K tomuto pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak dosp\u011bl a\u017e jeden uhersk\u00fd student v 18. stolet\u00ed, nebo\u0165 si v\u0161iml podobnosti rom\u0161tiny s indick\u00fdmi jazyky. Do t\u00e9 doby byli Romov\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed za N\u00fabijce \u010di Egyp\u0165any<\/strong> a n\u011bkdy dokonce za tureck\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zv\u011bdy. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se odhaduje po\u010det mluv\u010d\u00edch ve sv\u011bt\u011b kolem 6,6 mili\u00f3nu, z nich\u017e asi 160 tis\u00edc \u017eije na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Ne v\u0161ichni Romov\u00e9 v\u0161ak dnes tento jazyk ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podoba rom\u0161tiny s hind\u0161tinou<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
rom\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td>hind<\/strong>\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td>\u010de\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Mire bala kale hin.<\/em><\/strong><\/td>Mere bal kale hain.<\/em><\/td>M\u00e9 vlasy jsou \u010dern\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>
Me ra\u0148i, tu ra\u0148i,
ko pherela pa\u0148i?<\/em><\/strong><\/td>		Me(n) rani, tu rani,
kon bharega pani?<\/em><\/td>		J\u00e1 (jsem) d\u00e1ma, ty (jsi) d\u00e1ma,kdo p\u0159inese vodu?(indick\u00e9 a romsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed)<\/td><\/tr>
jekh, duj, trin, \u0161tar, pand\u017e<\/em><\/strong><\/td>ek, do, tin, \u010dar, pan\u010d<\/em><\/td>jedna, dva, t\u0159i, \u010dty\u0159i, p\u011bt<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Specifika romsk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jak jste si mohli pov\u0161imnout, romsk\u00e1 abeceda je velmi podobn\u00e1 t\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9. I jednotliv\u00e1 p\u00edsmena se rovn\u011b\u017e vyslovuj\u00ed velmi podobn\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 hl\u00e1sky se v\u0161ak m\u00edrn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed a nenajdeme zde nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u00edsmeno \u201e\u0158\u201c. Jazyk tak\u00e9 obsahuje p\u0159\u00eddechov\u00e9 hl\u00e1sky<\/strong>, jako je \u201eCH\u201c, \u201e\u010cH\u201c, \u201eKH\u201c, \u201ePH\u201c a \u201eTH\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161echny romsk\u00e9 dialekty maj\u00ed syst\u00e9my samohl\u00e1sek a souhl\u00e1sek, kter\u00e9 jsou jasn\u011b odvozeny ze sanskrtu<\/strong>. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zm\u011bny odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 pro\u0161ly modern\u00edmi indick\u00fdmi jazyky, jin\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed archai\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u016fvod jazyka (nap\u0159. zachov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch shluk\u016f souhl\u00e1sek \u201edr\u201c a \u201etr\u201c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samohl\u00e1sky typick\u00e9 pro centr\u00e1ln\u00ed dialekty jsou a, e, i, o, u. Indo\u00e1rijsk\u00e9 retroflexn\u00ed souhl\u00e1sky zmizely ze souhl\u00e1skov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, zat\u00edmco slovansk\u00e9 frikativn\u00ed a africk\u00e9 zvuky do n\u011bj byly postupn\u011b p\u0159ijaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gramatika<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Rom\u0161tina je podobn\u011b jako \u010de\u0161tina flektivn\u00ed jazyk, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 v\u0161ak 8 p\u00e1d\u016f. Osm\u00fdm p\u00e1dem je tzv. ablativ<\/strong>, kter\u00fd vyjad\u0159uje sm\u011br z n\u011b\u010deho nebo od n\u011b\u010deho. Tyto p\u00e1dy \u010dasto nahrazuj\u00ed p\u0159edlo\u017eky. Na rozd\u00edl od \u010de\u0161tiny rom\u0161tina nem\u00e1 st\u0159edn\u00ed rod, nicm\u00e9n\u011b m\u00e1 nav\u00edc jeden slovn\u00ed druh, a t\u00edm je mluvnick\u00fd \u010dlen<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slovesn\u00fdch \u010das\u016f existuje p\u011bt: p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd, nedokonav\u00fd, dokonav\u00fd, plusperfektn\u00ed a budouc\u00ed. Slovosled je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b sloveso\u2013p\u0159edm\u011btov\u00fd (VO), s variacemi mezi pokra\u010dovac\u00edm slovesem\u2013p\u0159edm\u011btem (VS) a kontrastivn\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem\u2013slovesem (SV).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba v\u011bt\u0161inou vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze sanskrtu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e Romov\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edmaly z\u00a0evropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ta slova, kter\u00e1 pro n\u011b byla do t\u00e9 doby nezn\u00e1m\u00e1. Vzhledem k\u00a0velk\u00e9mu mno\u017estv\u00ed dialekt\u016f ov\u0161em neexistuje jednotn\u00e1 rom\u0161tina. V\u011bt\u0161ina dialekt\u016f ale obsahuje\u00a0velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed slov p\u0159ejat\u00fdch z\u00a0\u0159e\u010dtiny<\/a><\/strong>. A to z\u00a0d\u016fvodu, \u017ee Romov\u00e9 n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das pob\u00fdvali na \u00fazem\u00ed Byzantsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, kde byla\u00a0\u0159e\u010dtina\u00a0hlavn\u00edm komunika\u010dn\u00edm jazykem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podoba rom\u0161tiny a \u0159e\u010dtiny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
rom\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td>\u0159e\u010dtina<\/strong><\/td>\u010de\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
drom<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf [dr\u00f3mo]<\/td>cesta<\/td><\/tr>
svirind, petalos<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\u03c3\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03af [sfyr\u00ed], \u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf [pet\u00e1lo]<\/td>kladivo, podkova<\/td><\/tr>
efta, ochto, e\u0148a, de\u0161<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac [ept\u00e1], \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce [okt\u00f3], \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 [ennea], \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 [d\u00e9ka]<\/td>sedm, osm, dev\u011bt, deset<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed romsk\u00e9 fr\u00e1ze<\/h2>\n\n\n\n