{"id":2467,"date":"2025-03-14T17:25:05","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:25:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2467"},"modified":"2025-07-06T20:13:23","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T18:13:23","slug":"srbochorvatstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/srbochorvatstina","title":{"rendered":"Srbochorvat\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Srbochorvat\u0161tina je jazyk, kter\u00fd ofici\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159estal existovat po rozpadu Jugosl\u00e1vie, p\u0159esto jeho dialekty nad\u00e1le p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, jak se tento jazyk vyv\u00edjel?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-82.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-82.png 602w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-82-300x168.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: https:\/\/external-preview.redd.it\/RNiBzWZ0BfIdW13PvV8c2sexea3q7RvQr2aYkQdo5Ac.jpg?auto=webp&amp;s=f0e97fe168ed4809f6ce98ffe9d9ebf2f6865127<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je srbochorvat\u0161tina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Srbochorvat\u0161tina je jihoslovansk\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd byl&nbsp;<strong>\u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vie<\/strong>, dne\u0161n\u00edho Srbska, Chorvatska, Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny a&nbsp;\u010cern\u00e9 Hory. Srbochorvat\u0161tina u\u017e\u00edvala dvoj\u00ed zp\u016fsob psan\u00ed, a&nbsp;to&nbsp;<strong>cyrilici a&nbsp;latinku<\/strong>. P\u0159es \u0159adu dialekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 obsahovala, v\u0161ak byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jeden jazyk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Po rozpadu Jugosl\u00e1vie se\u00a0<strong>srb\u0161tina osamostatnila od chorvat\u0161tiny,<\/strong>\u00a0v\u00a0Bosn\u011b a&nbsp;Hercegovin\u011b vznikl nov\u00fd jazyk\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/bosenstina\"><strong>bosen\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>, kter\u00e1 je de facto obdobou b\u00fdval\u00e9 srbochorvat\u0161tiny, a&nbsp;v\u00a0\u010cern\u00e9 Ho\u0159e vznikla \u010dernohor\u0161tina. Ofici\u00e1ln\u011b v\u0161ak jazyk, kter\u00fd sjednocoval Jugosl\u00e1vii, p\u0159estal existovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nov\u011b vznikl\u00e9 jazyky jsou v&nbsp;podstat\u011b&nbsp;<strong>variace stejn\u00e9ho jazyka<\/strong>, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo jimi mluv\u00ed, si&nbsp;<strong>dok\u00e1\u017ee navz\u00e1jem rozum\u011bt<\/strong>. Ve skute\u010dnosti jsou tyto \u010dty\u0159i jazyky podobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dialekty mnoha jin\u00fdch polycentrick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dialekty srbochorvat\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud jde o&nbsp;dialekty, v&nbsp;oblasti b\u00fdval\u00e9 srbochorvat\u0161tiny se u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed skupiny<\/strong>, pojmenovan\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>kajkav\u0161tina<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>\u010dakav\u0161tina a&nbsp;\u0161tokav\u0161tina.&nbsp;<\/strong>Tyto t\u0159i dialekty se li\u0161\u00ed v&nbsp;samohl\u00e1sk\u00e1ch, souhl\u00e1sk\u00e1ch, tvary slov a&nbsp;slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu a&nbsp;pozn\u00e1te je podle z\u00e1jmena znamenaj\u00edc\u00edho \u201e<strong>co<\/strong>\u201c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201eKaj\u201c \u2013 kajkav\u0161tina se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 na severoz\u00e1pad\u011b Chorvatska kolem m\u011bsta Z\u00e1h\u0159eb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201e\u0160ta\u201c \u2013 \u0161tokav\u0161tinou se hovo\u0159\u00ed v&nbsp;Srbsku, \u010cern\u00e9 Ho\u0159e, Bosn\u011b a&nbsp;Hercegovin\u011b a&nbsp;ve vnitrozem\u00ed Chorvatska.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201e\u010ca\u201c \u2013 \u010dakav\u0161tinu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Chorvat\u00e9 pod\u00e9l mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdvoj &nbsp;psan\u00e9ho jazyka<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed spisy v&nbsp;t\u00e9to oblasti nejsou ps\u00e1ny v&nbsp;\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m z&nbsp;dialekt\u016f, ale v&nbsp;jin\u00e9m slovansk\u00e9m jazyce, tedy\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/staroslovenstina\"><strong>staroslov\u011bn\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong><\/a>. Toto p\u00edsmo bylo standardizov\u00e1no kolem roku 860 n. l. nejstar\u0161\u00edmi k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdmi slovansk\u00fdmi mision\u00e1\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed pro n\u011bj vytvo\u0159ili abecedu zvanou\u00a0<strong>hlaholici<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hlaholice a&nbsp;cyrilice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Druh\u00e1 abeceda, cyrilice, jej\u00ed\u017e p\u00edsmena siln\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed \u0159eck\u00e1 p\u00edsmena, se datuje do roku 900 n.l. Pravoslavn\u00e9 c\u00edrkve mezi Slovany vyu\u017e\u00edvaly hlaholici a&nbsp;n\u00e1sledn\u011b cyrilici v&nbsp;<strong>c\u00edrkevn\u011b slovansk\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed ran\u00ed chorvat\u0161t\u00ed katol\u00edci pokra\u010dovali v&nbsp;pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed hlaholice po stalet\u00ed jak pro c\u00edrkevn\u00ed slovanstv\u00ed, tak pro m\u00edstn\u00ed chorvat\u0161tinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vznik nov\u00e9 abecedy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;letech 1814 a\u017e 1864 pracoval Srb jm\u00e9nem Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 Karad\u017ei\u0107 na&nbsp;<strong>zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed cyrilice a&nbsp;na nahrazen\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho stylu psan\u00ed<\/strong>. Vytvo\u0159il tak abecedu o&nbsp;30 p\u00edsmenech, kter\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch azbuk neozna\u010duje sekvenci souhl\u00e1sek a&nbsp;samohl\u00e1sek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Naproti tomu Chorvat\u00e9 psali po n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>v\u00fdhradn\u011b latinkou<\/strong>&nbsp;ve v\u0161ech existuj\u00edc\u00edch dialektech. P\u0159es mnoh\u00e9 diskuze o&nbsp;p\u0159ijet\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u00edsem nakonec pou\u017eili Karad\u017ei\u0107\u016fv slovn\u00edk, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 pokra\u010dovali v&nbsp;pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch slovn\u00edk\u016f a&nbsp;latinsk\u00e9 abecedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vliv politick\u00e9 situace na v\u00fdvoj srbochorvat\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Politicky se Srbsko v&nbsp;pr\u016fb\u011bhu 19.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed postupn\u011b osvobozovalo od Turecka, zat\u00edmco v\u011bt\u0161ina Chorvatska z\u016fstala v&nbsp;Rakousko-Uhersku a\u017e do prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Na konci v\u00e1lky v&nbsp;roce 1918 byly Srbsko, Chorvatsko, Bosna a&nbsp;\u010cern\u00e1 Hora spojeny dohromady a&nbsp;vytvo\u0159ila se jedin\u00e1 zem\u011b, pojmenovan\u00e1 nejprve&nbsp;<strong>Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Srb\u016f, Chorvat\u016f a&nbsp;Slovinc\u016f<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<strong>pozd\u011bji Jugosl\u00e1vie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aby je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce zd\u016fraznila jednotu, vl\u00e1dn\u00ed politika m\u011bla bagatelizovat srbsko-chorvatsk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 rozd\u00edly a&nbsp;kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed dokonce prosazovalo spole\u010dn\u00fd jazyk \u201e<strong>srbsko-chorvatsko-slovin\u0161tina<\/strong>\u201c, a\u010dkoli slovin\u0161tina byla u\u017e tehdy zcela odli\u0161n\u00fdm jazykem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdvoj po 2.&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bhem 2.&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byla Jugosl\u00e1vie \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b okupov\u00e1na mocnostmi Osy a&nbsp;\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b dr\u017eena chorvatsk\u00fdm pro-osov\u00fdm st\u00e1tem, kter\u00fd\u00a0<strong>hl\u00e1sal v\u00fdhradn\u011b\u00a0chorvatsk\u00fd jazyk<\/strong>. V&nbsp;roce 1945 v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00ed partyz\u00e1ni pod veden\u00edm komunist\u016f obnovili Jugosl\u00e1vii. Nov\u00e1 vl\u00e1da nejprve pova\u017eovala chorvat\u0161tinu a&nbsp;srb\u0161tinu za samostatn\u00e9 jazyky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brzy v\u0161ak za\u010dala nal\u00e9hat na&nbsp;<strong>jednotnou srbochorvat\u0161tinu<\/strong>. V&nbsp;praxi Chorvati pokra\u010dovali v&nbsp;pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed latinsk\u00e9 abecedy a&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch, ale ne v\u0161ech, sv\u00fdch specificky chorvatsk\u00fdch slov, zat\u00edmco&nbsp;<strong>Srbov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali latinku i&nbsp;cyrilici<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;byli tolerantn\u00ed ke slov\u016fm ciz\u00edho p\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jazyk po rozpadu Jugosl\u00e1vie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Po rozpadu Jugosl\u00e1vie na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90.&nbsp;let si ka\u017ed\u00e1 z&nbsp;nov\u00fdch zem\u00ed za\u010dala stanovovat sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed standardy a&nbsp;term\u00edn&nbsp;<strong>srbochorvat\u0161tina z&nbsp;ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zmizel<\/strong>. V&nbsp;<strong>Srbsku<\/strong>&nbsp;se tento jazyk naz\u00fdv\u00e1 srb\u0161tina a&nbsp;podporuje se&nbsp;<strong>psan\u00ed azbukou<\/strong>&nbsp;na \u00fakor latinky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V Chorvatsku je pouze\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/chorvatstina\"><strong>chorvat\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>. V\u00a090.&nbsp;letech zde prob\u00edhal\u00a0<strong>siln\u00fd purismus<\/strong>, kter\u00fd zakazoval u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch slov kv\u016fli jejich skute\u010dn\u00e9mu nebo \u00fadajn\u00e9mu srbsk\u00e9mu p\u016fvodu. Po roce 2000 byl ji\u017e pon\u011bkud slab\u0161\u00ed. Standardiz\u00e1to\u0159i chorvat\u0161tiny u\u017e dnes v\u0161ak nevyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed srbsk\u00e9 zdroje, ani lingvist\u00e9 v&nbsp;Srbsku nehledaj\u00ed informace v\u00a0chorvatsk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech. Ostatn\u00ed st\u00e1ty b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vie si rovn\u011b\u017e stanovili vlastn\u00ed jazyky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uk\u00e1zka cyrilice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"334\" height=\"269\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-83.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-83.png 334w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-83-300x242.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: https:\/\/image.shutterstock.com\/image-vector\/russian-cyrillic-alphabet-letters-set-260nw-1214349448.jpg<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/anglictina\">Angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/francouzstina\">Francouz\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nemcina\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Srbochorvat\u0161tina je jazyk, kter\u00fd ofici\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159estal existovat po rozpadu Jugosl\u00e1vie, p\u0159esto jeho dialekty nad\u00e1le p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, jak se tento jazyk vyv\u00edjel? Zdroj: https:\/\/external-preview.redd.it\/RNiBzWZ0BfIdW13PvV8c2sexea3q7RvQr2aYkQdo5Ac.jpg?auto=webp&amp;s=f0e97fe168ed4809f6ce98ffe9d9ebf2f6865127 Co je srbochorvat\u0161tina? Srbochorvat\u0161tina je jihoslovansk\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd byl&nbsp;\u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem b\u00fdval\u00e9 Jugosl\u00e1vie, dne\u0161n\u00edho Srbska, Chorvatska, Bosny a&nbsp;Hercegoviny a&nbsp;\u010cern\u00e9 Hory. Srbochorvat\u0161tina u\u017e\u00edvala dvoj\u00ed zp\u016fsob psan\u00ed, a&nbsp;to&nbsp;cyrilici a&nbsp;latinku. P\u0159es \u0159adu dialekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 obsahovala, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2467","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2467","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2467"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2467\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8591,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2467\/revisions\/8591"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2467"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2467"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}