{"id":2465,"date":"2025-03-14T17:24:16","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:24:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2465"},"modified":"2025-07-06T20:06:34","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T18:06:34","slug":"uredni-jazyk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/uredni-jazyk","title":{"rendered":"\u00da\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Kdy\u017e se \u0159ekne&nbsp;<strong>\u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk<\/strong>, dok\u00e1\u017ee si snad ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159edstavit, o&nbsp;\u010dem je \u0159e\u010d. Je to zkr\u00e1tka jazyk u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v&nbsp;ur\u010dit\u00e9m st\u00e1tu. Nebo ne? Nen\u00ed v&nbsp;tom nakonec n\u011bjak\u00e1 kli\u010dka? A&nbsp;jak to vlastn\u011b vypad\u00e1 v&nbsp;jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch sv\u011bta?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 co je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm a&nbsp;n\u00e1rodn\u00edm jazykem,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 kter\u00e9 jazyky jsou \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edmi v&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch zem\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V samotn\u00e9 definici \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edho jazyka \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 kli\u010dka skute\u010dn\u011b nen\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o&nbsp;<strong>jazyk, j\u00edm\u017e na \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1tu komunikuje v\u011bt\u0161ina m\u00edstn\u00edch mluv\u010d\u00edch<\/strong>, a&nbsp;to zejm\u00e9na v&nbsp;<strong>ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch situac\u00edch<\/strong>. Takov\u00fd jazyk je nav\u00edc zpravidla (ne v\u0161ak v\u017edy) zakotven\u00fd v&nbsp;<strong>z\u00e1kon\u011b<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 onen ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det mluv\u010d\u00edch tedy nemus\u00ed sta\u010dit k&nbsp;tomu, aby byl jazyk posuzov\u00e1n jako \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b \u010desk\u00fd z\u00e1kon \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem rozum\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>jazyk, kter\u00fd je u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n ve&nbsp;<strong>styku ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f a&nbsp;instituc\u00ed<\/strong>&nbsp;mezi s&nbsp;sebou i&nbsp;p\u0159i styku s&nbsp;ob\u010dany,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jazyk pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v&nbsp;<strong>m\u00edstopisn\u00e9m ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jazyk v\u00fdchovn\u011b vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho procesu na&nbsp;<strong>\u0161kol\u00e1ch<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jazyk pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v&nbsp;<strong>ozbrojen\u00fdch sil\u00e1ch a&nbsp;ozbrojen\u00fdch sborech<\/strong>&nbsp;st\u00e1tu,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jazyk pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd fyzick\u00fdmi a&nbsp;pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdmi osobami p\u0159i n<strong>ab\u00eddce a&nbsp;zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed, slu\u017eeb nebo prac<\/strong>\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed republiky.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Jin\u00fdmi slovy \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b ten, kter\u00fdm sly\u0161\u00edme mluvit m\u00edstn\u00ed. Je to jazyk, kter\u00fdm se mluv\u00ed na&nbsp;<strong>\u00fa\u0159adech<\/strong>&nbsp;\u010di ve&nbsp;<strong>\u0161kol\u00e1ch<\/strong>, jazyk, kter\u00fdm jsou z&nbsp;v\u011bt\u0161iny ps\u00e1ny r\u016fzn\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>cedule a&nbsp;pozn\u00e1vac\u00ed zna\u010dky<\/strong>. Jazyk, kter\u00fd se&nbsp;<strong>mus\u00edme nau\u010dit<\/strong>, chceme-li v&nbsp;dan\u00e9 zemi z\u00edskat&nbsp;<strong>ob\u010danstv\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00da\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky je pochopiteln\u011b \u010de\u0161tina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00da\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk vs. n\u00e1rodn\u00ed jazyk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 v&nbsp;zemi komunikovat v\u00edce jazyky, ne v\u0161echny ov\u0161em mus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed. Existuje i&nbsp;tzv.&nbsp;<strong>n\u00e1rodn\u00ed jazyk<\/strong>, co\u017e je jazyk, j\u00edm\u017e mluv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda, \u010dasto n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed men\u0161iny. Tito p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci se dorozum\u00ed mezi sebou, \u010dasto se dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed domluvit i&nbsp;mimo svou komunitu, tento jazyk v\u0161ak nen\u00ed br\u00e1n jako \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem u&nbsp;n\u00e1s mohou b\u00fdt&nbsp;<strong>Slov\u00e1ci<\/strong>. Ti mluv\u00ed slovensky, rozum\u00ed n\u00e1m, my rozum\u00edme jim, ale&nbsp;<a href=\"page\/preklady-sk\"><strong>sloven\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;na\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem nen\u00ed. Kdyby se nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u011bjak\u00fd Slov\u00e1k \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed rozhodl, \u017ee by cht\u011bl z\u00edskat \u010desk\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed ob\u010danstv\u00ed, u\u017e by mu sloven\u0161tina nesta\u010dila, musel by se nau\u010dit n\u00e1\u0161 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk \u2013 tedy \u010de\u0161tinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lze m\u00edt v\u00edce \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch jazyk\u016f?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ji\u017e ot\u00e1zka samotn\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee nav\u00e1d\u011bt k&nbsp;tomu, \u017ee pravidlo jedna zem\u011b = jeden \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk patrn\u011b nebude platit \u00fapln\u011b v\u0161ude. A\u010dkoli spousta zem\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b opl\u00fdv\u00e1 pouze jedn\u00edm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem, existuje i&nbsp;\u0159ada st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed takov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f v\u00edce \u2013 zpravidla&nbsp;<strong>dva<\/strong>, existuj\u00ed ale zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 jich maj\u00ed v\u00edce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stejn\u011b tak m\u016f\u017ee v\u00edce zem\u00ed sd\u00edlet jeden \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk, co\u017e se d\u011bje zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b\u00a0<strong>koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f<\/strong>\u00a0(roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 jsou tedy jazyky koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch velmoc\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na angli\u010dtina, francouz\u0161tina \u010di\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/preklady-spanelstiny\"><strong>\u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Takov\u00fdmi jazykov\u00fdmi rekordmany jsou kup\u0159\u00edkladu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/preklady-anglictiny\"><strong>angli\u010dtina<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 st\u00e1tech naskrz kontinenty,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"page\/preklady-fr\"><strong>francouz\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 st\u00e1tech nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d kontinenty,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zimbabwe\"><strong>Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 zem\u011b uzn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed (dle nov\u00e9 \u00fastavy z&nbsp;roku 2013) 16 ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch jazyk\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00da\u0159edn\u00ed jazyky Evropsk\u00e9 unie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Evropsk\u00e1 unie zahrnuje&nbsp;<strong>24 \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v&nbsp;Listin\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pr\u00e1v Evropsk\u00e9 unie je zakotveno pr\u00e1vo obracet se na org\u00e1ny EU v&nbsp;kter\u00e9mkoli z&nbsp;t\u011bchto 24 jazyk\u016f a&nbsp;obdr\u017eet od nich v&nbsp;dan\u00e9m jazyce odpov\u011b\u010f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mimo \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyky zahrnuje Evropsk\u00e1 unie i&nbsp;v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 p\u016fvodn\u00edch region\u00e1ln\u00edch a&nbsp;men\u0161inov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evropsk\u00e1 unie pro n\u00e1s tedy neznamen\u00e1 jen svobodu v&nbsp;ohledu cestov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale sna\u017e\u00ed se&nbsp;<strong>odstranit i&nbsp;jazykov\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry<\/strong>. Jej\u00edm c\u00edlem mimo jin\u00e9 je, aby se ka\u017ed\u00fd jej\u00ed ob\u010dan mimo sv\u016fj mate\u0159sk\u00fd jazyk dok\u00e1zal domluvit i&nbsp;dv\u011bma dal\u0161\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Postaven\u00ed latiny v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Za zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 stoj\u00ed i&nbsp;<a href=\"page\/preklady-lat\"><strong>latina<\/strong><\/a>, kter\u00e1 je v\u0161eobecn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1na za mrtv\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fdm sv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem i&nbsp;je. St\u00e1le v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1&nbsp;<strong>jedn\u00edm z&nbsp;\u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch jazyk\u016f ve Vatik\u00e1nu<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem \u0159\u00edmskokatolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b jsou tedy mimo svou v\u00edru spojeni i&nbsp;jazykem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00da\u0159edn\u00ed jazyky ve vybran\u00fdch zem\u00edch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;tabulce n\u00ed\u017ee pro lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavu uv\u00e1d\u00edme \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyky v&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch zem\u00edch sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>St\u00e1t<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u00da\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk\/y<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Belgie<\/strong><\/td><td>nizozem\u0161tina, francouz\u0161tina, n\u011bm\u010dina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Braz\u00edlie<\/strong><\/td><td>portugal\u0161tina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Finsko<\/strong><\/td><td>fin\u0161tina, \u0161v\u00e9d\u0161tina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Kanada<\/strong><\/td><td>francouz\u0161tina, angli\u010dtina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mexiko<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nizozemsko<\/strong><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nizozemstina\">nizozem\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0160v\u00fdcarsko<\/strong><\/td><td>n\u011bm\u010dina, francouz\u0161tina, ital\u0161tina, r\u00e9torom\u00e1n\u0161tina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>USA<\/strong><\/td><td>form\u00e1ln\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd, pova\u017euje se za n\u011bj ale angli\u010dtina a&nbsp;v&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u00e1tech \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Vatik\u00e1n<\/strong><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/italstina\">ital\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong>, latina<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/td><td>angli\u010dtina, znakov\u00fd jazyk, Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Pod\u00edvejte se tak\u00e9 na dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy v&nbsp;na\u0161em&nbsp;<a href=\"page\/slovnik-pojmu\"><strong>slovn\u00edku pojm\u016f<\/strong><\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kdy\u017e se \u0159ekne&nbsp;\u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk, dok\u00e1\u017ee si snad ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159edstavit, o&nbsp;\u010dem je \u0159e\u010d. Je to zkr\u00e1tka jazyk u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v&nbsp;ur\u010dit\u00e9m st\u00e1tu. Nebo ne? Nen\u00ed v&nbsp;tom nakonec n\u011bjak\u00e1 kli\u010dka? A&nbsp;jak to vlastn\u011b vypad\u00e1 v&nbsp;jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch sv\u011bta? V&nbsp;\u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte: \u2013 co je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk, \u2013 jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm a&nbsp;n\u00e1rodn\u00edm jazykem, \u2013 kter\u00e9 jazyky jsou \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edmi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2898,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2465","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2465"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2465\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8589,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2465\/revisions\/8589"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}