{"id":2462,"date":"2025-03-14T17:23:37","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:23:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2462"},"modified":"2025-07-06T20:02:37","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T18:02:37","slug":"staroslovenstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/staroslovenstina","title":{"rendered":"Staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Dnes ji\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 pouze pro \u00fa\u010dely bohoslu\u017eeb pravoslavn\u00e9 c\u00edrkve, d\u0159\u00edve v\u0161ak jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch jazyk\u016f. To je staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina. Jedn\u00e1 se o nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00fd spisovn\u00fd slovansk\u00fd jazyk a tak\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u016fdce \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka<\/a><\/strong>, jak ho zn\u00e1me dnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Zdroj: https:\/\/encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com\/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRm0jD13scw0qNOAJakff9kUydN2vCrnhBJtQ&usqp=CAU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kde se vzala staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina je nejstar\u0161\u00edm dochovan\u00fdm spisovn\u00fdm slovansk\u00fdm jazykem, kter\u00fd vznikl v 9.  stolet\u00ed v okol\u00ed Solun\u011b<\/strong>, \u010dili oblasti dne\u0161n\u00edho Bulharska, Makedonie a Srbska, a vy\u0161el z tamn\u00edho n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed. Tehdy jej na na\u0161e \u00fazem\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b Velkou Moravu, p\u0159inesli k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i (naz\u00fdvan\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e v\u011brozv\u011bstov\u00e9) Konstantin (Cyril) a Metod\u011bj<\/strong><\/a>, kte\u0159\u00ed do n\u00ed p\u0159elo\u017eili mnoho k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch text\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jazyk tedy vznikl p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby a dodnes se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i bohoslu\u017eb\u00e1ch \u0159eckokatolick\u00e9 a pravoslavn\u00e9 c\u00edrkve<\/strong>. Zde se s n\u00edm v\u0161ak setk\u00e1me pod pojmem c\u00edrkevn\u00ed slovan\u0161tina. Tento term\u00edn ozna\u010duje pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 f\u00e1ze staroslov\u011bn\u0161tiny, kdy se ji\u017e odli\u0161ovala od jin\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vztah staroslov\u011bn\u0161tiny k \u010desk\u00e9mu jazyku<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010ce\u0161tina, jak ji zn\u00e1me dnes, ze staroslov\u011bn\u0161tiny sice vych\u00e1z\u00ed, ale svou podobou i v\u00fdznamy n\u011bkter\u00fdch slov se od p\u016fvodn\u00edho jazyka velmi odd\u00e1lila. Po p\u00e1du Velkomoravsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e staroslov\u011bn\u0161tinu z n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed vytla\u010dila latina<\/a><\/strong>, ale i tak byla nad\u00e1le udr\u017eov\u00e1na jako \u017eiv\u00fd jazyk na Balk\u00e1nsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee dnes je staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina pova\u017eov\u00e1na za mrtv\u00fd jazyk, stejn\u011b jako latina, d\u0159\u00edve byla dorozum\u00edvac\u00edm prost\u0159edkem tak\u0159ka pro v\u0161echny slovansk\u00e9 zem\u011b. V on\u00e9 dob\u011b byla dokonce t\u0159et\u00edm nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm jazykem<\/strong>, hned za latinou a \u0159e\u010dtinou. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b zn\u00e1 tento jazyk asi 80 mili\u00f3n\u016f osob, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Ruska \u010di Balk\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak se staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina zapisovala?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K z\u00e1pisu staroslov\u011bn\u0161tiny se vyu\u017e\u00edvala Cyrilice a Hlaholice<\/strong>. Hlaholici pro staroslov\u011bn\u0161tinu vyvinul Cyril. Ta se vyu\u017e\u00edvala na nejen na \u00fazem\u00ed Velk\u00e9 Moravy, ale je\u0161t\u011b v 11. stolet\u00ed v S\u00e1zavsk\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Nejd\u00e9le se v\u0161ak udr\u017eela v Chorvatsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u016fl roku po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Hlaholice Cyrilovi \u017e\u00e1ci vytvo\u0159ili p\u00edsmo zvan\u00e9 Cyrilice<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 bylo jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a v\u00edce se podobalo \u0159eck\u00e9mu p\u00edsmu<\/strong>. \u0158eckou abecedu toti\u017e ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b dob\u0159e ovl\u00e1dali vzd\u011blan\u00ed lid\u00e9, co\u017e byli jak jinak ne\u017e duchovn\u00ed. C\u00edrkevn\u00ed slovan\u0161tina, kter\u00e1 se nad\u00e1le \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila a kter\u00e1 byla u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pravoslavnou c\u00edrkv\u00ed, tak byla ps\u00e1na ji\u017e v\u00fdhradn\u011b Cyrilic\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Staroslov\u011bnsk\u00e1 abeceda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Staroslov\u011bnsk\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky<\/strong> se rozd\u011bluj\u00ed na nosn\u00ed (naz\u00e1ly) a \u00fastn\u00ed (vok\u00e1ly), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e specifickou samohl\u00e1skou jsou tzv. jery<\/strong>. Ty se zapisuj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem: \u201e\u044c\u201c<\/strong> a \u201e\u044a\u201c<\/strong>. Tyto samohl\u00e1sky se vyslovuj\u00ed velmi kr\u00e1tce, tedy krat\u010deji ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky. V praxi se \u201e\u044c\u201c <\/strong>vyslov\u00ed jako velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 i <\/em><\/strong>a \u201e\u044a\u201c<\/strong> jako velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 u<\/em><\/strong>, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b y <\/em><\/strong>(podobn\u011b jako v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b p\u0159ehlasovan\u00e9 \u00fc<\/em>). Mezi nosov\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky pat\u0159\u00ed \u201e\u0119<\/strong>\u201c a \u201e\u01eb<\/strong>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Souhl\u00e1sky se ve staroslov\u011bn\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong>, stejn\u011b jako v dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010de\u0161tin\u011b, d\u011bl\u00ed podle m\u00edsta tvo\u0159en\u00ed (retn\u00e9, zubod\u00e1s\u0148ov\u00e9 apod.) a dokonce mezi nimi existuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 sp\u0159e\u017eky, jak je zn\u00e1me dnes (\u010d, \u0161, \u017e). Abeceda v\u0161ak oproti \u010de\u0161tin\u011b obsahuje m\u00e9n\u011b souhl\u00e1sek a najdeme mezi nimi i pro n\u00e1s neobvykl\u00e9 hl\u00e1sky, kter\u00fdmi jsou p\u0159edopatrov\u00e9 \u201el’<\/strong>\u201c, \u201en’<\/strong>\u201c a \u201er’<\/strong>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00ed\u017ee v tabulce si uk\u00e1\u017eeme, jak vypadala n\u011bkter\u00e9 slova zapsan\u00e1 Hlaholic\u00ed a Cyrilic\u00ed<\/strong>. N\u00e1sledn\u011b si m\u016f\u017eete d\u00edky \u010desk\u00e9mu p\u0159episu v\u0161imnout, jak se p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdznam slov posunul. N\u011bkter\u00e1 slova n\u00e1m tedy mohou evokovat jin\u00fd v\u00fdznam, ne\u017e p\u016fvodn\u011b m\u011bla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlaholice<\/strong><\/td>Cyrilice<\/strong><\/td>\u010cesk\u00fd p\u0159epis<\/strong><\/td>P\u0159eklad do \u010de\u0161tiny<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u2c44\u2c43\u2c30\u2c4d\u2c39\u2c4c\u2c30<\/td>\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/td>sra\u010dica<\/td>ko\u0161ile<\/td><\/tr>
\u2c32\u2c4f\u2c48\u2c3e\u2c30\u2c44\u2c45\u2c30\u2c45\u2c39<\/td>\u0432\u044a\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438<\/td>v\u2018chlastatib<\/td>dr\u017eet na uzd\u011b<\/td><\/tr>
\u2c31\u2c30\u2c33\u2c4f\u2c43\u2c4f<\/td>\u0431\u0430\u0433\u044a\u0440\u044a<\/td>bag\u2018r\u2018<\/td>purpur<\/td><\/tr>
\u2c34\u2c30\u2c45\u2c35\u2c3e\u2c50<\/td>\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0484\u044c<\/td>datel\u02bc<\/td>d\u00e1rce<\/td><\/tr>
\u2c48\u2c41\u2c31\u2c41\u2c45\u2c4f<\/td>\u0445\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044a<\/td>chobot\u2018<\/td>ocas<\/td><\/tr>
\u2c41\u2c45\u2c43\u2c41\u2c3d\u2c41\u2c32\u2c39\u2c4c\u2c30<\/td>\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0430<\/td>otrokovica<\/td>holka<\/td><\/tr>
\u2c40\u2c58\u2c34\u2c39\u2c45\u2c39 \u2c44\u2c51<\/td>\u043d\u046b\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0467<\/td>n\u01ebditi s\u0119<\/td>sna\u017eit se<\/td><\/tr>
\u2c41\u2c3f\u2c43\u2c4f\u2c3d\u2c40\u2c58\u2c45\u2c39<\/td>\u043e\u043c\u0440\u044a\u043a\u043d\u046b\u0442\u0438<\/td>omr\u2018kn\u01ebti<\/td>setm\u011bt se<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n