{"id":2460,"date":"2025-03-14T17:22:53","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:22:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2460"},"modified":"2025-06-27T17:10:27","modified_gmt":"2025-06-27T15:10:27","slug":"belorustina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/belorustina","title":{"rendered":"B\u011bloru\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Jazyk na p\u016fli cesty mezi\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/rustina\">ru\u0161tinou<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<a href=\"page\/preklady-ukrajinstiny\"><strong>ukrajin\u0161tinou<\/strong><\/a>, kter\u00fd dnes zapisujeme azbukou i&nbsp;latinkou, to je b\u011bloru\u0161tina. V\u00edte, jak tento jazyk vznikl a&nbsp;\u010d\u00edm se vyzna\u010duje?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010c\u00edm se vyzna\u010duje b\u011bloru\u0161tina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bloru\u0161tina je slovansk\u00fd indoevropsk\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed do&nbsp;<strong>skupiny v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>, spolu s&nbsp;ukrajin\u0161tinou, ru\u0161tinou a&nbsp;rus\u00edn\u0161tinou. Je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem v&nbsp;B\u011blorusku a&nbsp;mluv\u00ed j\u00edm p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 7,9 milionu obyvatel. Jazykem v\u0161ak hovo\u0159\u00ed nejen B\u011blorusov\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 men\u0161iny n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad Ruska, Ukrajin nebo Polska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento jazyk m\u00e1 ov\u0161em hodn\u011b&nbsp;<strong>spole\u010dn\u00e9ho i&nbsp;se z\u00e1padoslovansk\u00fdmi jazyky<\/strong>, zejm\u00e9na s&nbsp;pol\u0161tinou. B\u011bloru\u0161tina obsahuje mnoho polsk\u00fdch p\u0159ejat\u00fdch slov a&nbsp;prim\u00e1rn\u011b je&nbsp;<strong>ps\u00e1na azbukou<\/strong>. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b mnoha aspekt\u016f b\u011bloru\u0161tina p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159echod mezi ru\u0161tinou a&nbsp;ukrajin\u0161tinou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u011bloru\u0161tina a&nbsp;n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bloru\u0161tina je v\u00fdrazn\u011b diferencov\u00e1na do n\u011bkolika n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se rozd\u011bluj\u00ed do 3 hlavn\u00edch skupin, a&nbsp;to na:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed skupinu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>St\u0159edn\u011bb\u011blorusk\u00e1 n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed skupinu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Zat\u00edmco b\u011blorusk\u00e9 dialekty postupn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed do rusk\u00fdch a&nbsp;ukrajinsk\u00fdch dialekt\u016f na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch hranic\u00edch, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed dialekty, mezi n\u011bkolika velk\u00fdmi dialektov\u00fdmi z\u00f3nami, tvo\u0159\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>z\u00e1klad pro standardn\u00ed b\u011bloru\u0161tinu<\/strong>. Star\u0161\u00ed forma b\u011bloru\u0161tiny se jako \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk pou\u017e\u00edvala ve 14.&nbsp;a\u017e 16.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed v&nbsp;Litevsk\u00e9m velkov\u00e9vodstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zahrnovalo dne\u0161n\u00ed B\u011blorusko i&nbsp;Litvu a&nbsp;Ukrajinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historie b\u011bloru\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Archaick\u00e1 forma b\u011bloru\u0161tiny zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako \u201estar\u00e1 b\u011bloru\u0161tina\u201c byla ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem Litevsk\u00e9ho velkov\u00e9vodstv\u00ed a&nbsp;<strong>p\u016fvodn\u011b byla ps\u00e1na azbukou<\/strong>. Pod nadvl\u00e1dou \u0159eck\u00e9 pravoslavn\u00e9 c\u00edrkve byla psan\u00e1 forma b\u011bloru\u0161tiny siln\u011b&nbsp;<strong>ovlivn\u011bna c\u00edrkevn\u00ed slovan\u0161tinou<\/strong>, neboli liturgick\u00fdm jazykem pravoslavn\u00e9 c\u00edrkve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reformace a&nbsp;protireformace v&nbsp;16.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed ale vedly k&nbsp;o\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u011b slovansk\u00fdch prvk\u016f z&nbsp;liter\u00e1rn\u00ed b\u011bloru\u0161tiny. V&nbsp;tomto obdob\u00ed se tak\u00e9 za\u010daly objevovat ru\u010dn\u011b psan\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>b\u011blorusk\u00e9 texty v&nbsp;latinsk\u00e9 abeced\u011b<\/strong>. V&nbsp;roce 1710 pak byla star\u00e1 b\u011bloru\u0161tina&nbsp;<strong>nahrazena pol\u0161tinou jako ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem regionu<\/strong>, av\u0161ak b\u011bloru\u0161tina se nad\u00e1le objevovala v&nbsp;omezen\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e v&nbsp;p\u00edsemn\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vznik sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho jazyka<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bhem pozdn\u00edho&nbsp;<strong>19.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed se b\u011bloru\u0161tina, psan\u00e1 latinkou<\/strong>, za\u010dala objevovat jako liter\u00e1rn\u00ed jazyk, kter\u00fd se bl\u00ed\u017eil sv\u00e9 modern\u00ed podob\u011b. Trvalo v\u0161ak mnoho let, ne\u017e se lid\u00e9 shodli na pravopisn\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed preferovali polsk\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed rusk\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a&nbsp;jin\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali syst\u00e9my zalo\u017een\u00e9 na b\u011blorusk\u00e9 verzi latinsk\u00e9 abecedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nakonec byl zvolen kompromis, kter\u00fd kombinoval prvky ze v\u0161ech t\u011bchto syst\u00e9m\u016f. V&nbsp;t\u00e9to dob\u011b se tak&nbsp;<strong>b\u011bloru\u0161tina za\u010dala ps\u00e1t azbukou<\/strong>. Pot\u00e9, co B\u011blorusko z\u00edskalo svou nez\u00e1vislost po Sov\u011btsk\u00e9m svazu v&nbsp;roce 1991, do\u0161lo rovn\u011b\u017e k&nbsp;\u00fasil\u00ed o&nbsp;o\u017eiven\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed i&nbsp;latinsk\u00e9 abecedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u011bloru\u0161tina a&nbsp;syst\u00e9m jazyka<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Slovosled v&nbsp;b\u011bloru\u0161tin\u011b je neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed (p\u0159edm\u011bt-sloveso-objekt). Jsou v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e1 i&nbsp;jin\u00e1 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee&nbsp;<strong>ohebn\u00e9 koncovky m\u011bn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy<\/strong>&nbsp;slov a&nbsp;rol\u00ed ve v\u011bt\u011b podobn\u011b jako je tomu v&nbsp;\u010de\u0161tin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Souhl\u00e1sky a&nbsp;samohl\u00e1sky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bloru\u0161tina sd\u00edl\u00ed mnoho fonologick\u00fdch rys\u016f s&nbsp;jin\u00fdmi slovansk\u00fdmi jazyky, zejm\u00e9na s&nbsp;ru\u0161tinou a&nbsp;ukrajin\u0161tinou. B\u011bloru\u0161tina m\u00e1&nbsp;<strong>5 samohl\u00e1skov\u00fdch fon\u00e9m\u016f<\/strong>. Samohl\u00e1sky \u201eo\u201c a&nbsp;\u201ea\u201c se rozli\u0161uj\u00ed pouze v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edzvu\u010dn\u00fdch pozic\u00edch. Nep\u0159\u00edzvu\u010dn\u00e9 \u201eo\u201c se zm\u011bn\u00ed na \u201ea\u201c. Stejn\u011b tak samohl\u00e1sky \u201ei\u201c a&nbsp;\u201ee\u201c se rozli\u0161uj\u00ed pouze v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edzvu\u010dn\u00e9 poloze. V&nbsp;nep\u0159\u00edzvu\u010dn\u00fdch pozic\u00edch se z&nbsp;\u201ee\u201c st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u201ei\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bloru\u0161tina m\u00e1 d\u00e1le 34 souhl\u00e1skov\u00fdch fon\u00e9m\u016f. Jazyk nav\u00edc umo\u017e\u0148uje r\u016fzn\u00e9 shluky souhl\u00e1sek na r\u016fzn\u00fdch pozic\u00edch ve slov\u011b. Charakteristick\u00fdm rysem je&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palatalizace\">palatalizace<\/a>&nbsp;(zm\u011bk\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed) souhl\u00e1sek<\/strong>. Mno\u017estv\u00ed souhl\u00e1sek m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt bu\u010f prost\u00e9, nap\u0159. \u201es\u201c, nebo palatalizovan\u00e9, nap\u0159. \u201es\u02b2\u201c. Tato palatalizace rozli\u0161uje v\u00fdznam slova. K&nbsp;m\u011bk\u010den\u00ed souhl\u00e1sek doch\u00e1z\u00ed zvednut\u00edm \u0161pi\u010dky jazyka tak, \u017ee se dostane do kontaktu s&nbsp;tvrd\u00fdm patrem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u017e dv\u011b t\u0159etiny modern\u00edho b\u011blorusk\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku jsou&nbsp;<strong>zalo\u017eeny na spole\u010dn\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch ko\u0159enech<\/strong>&nbsp;sd\u00edlen\u00fdch jin\u00fdmi slovansk\u00fdmi jazyky. Zbytek slov byl p\u0159evzat z&nbsp;jin\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161inou z&nbsp;\u0159e\u010dtiny a&nbsp;latiny a&nbsp;v&nbsp;men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e z&nbsp;pol\u0161tiny, francouz\u0161tiny a&nbsp;ru\u0161tiny. V&nbsp;posledn\u00edch letech se hlavn\u00edm zdrojem v\u00fdp\u016fj\u010dek stala tak\u00e9 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/anglictina\">angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong>. N\u00ed\u017ee si uvedeme n\u011bkolik slov\u00ed\u010dek psan\u00fdch azbukou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dobr\u00fd den: \u0414\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Na shledanou: \u0414a \u043fa\u0431a\u0447\u044d\u043d\u044c\u043d\u044f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u011bkuji: \u0414\u0437\u044f\u043ay\u0439<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nen\u00ed za\u010d: H\u044f\u043ca \u0437a \u0448\u0442o<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promi\u0148te: \u041fpa\u0431a\u0447\u0446e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pros\u00edm: Ka\u043bi \u043bac\u043aa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mu\u017e: \u041c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u044b\u043da<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u017dena: \u0416a\u043d\u0447\u044b\u043da<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uk\u00e1zka b\u011blorusk\u00e9 azbuky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>\u0410 \u0430<\/td><td>\u0411 \u0431<\/td><td>\u0412 \u0432<\/td><td>\u0413 \u0433<\/td><td>\u0414 \u0434<\/td><td>E e<\/td><td>\u00cb \u00eb<\/td><td>\u0416 \u0436<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0417 \u0437<\/td><td>I i<\/td><td>\u0419 \u0439<\/td><td>\u041a \u043a<\/td><td>\u041b \u043b<\/td><td>\u041c \u043c<\/td><td>\u041d \u043d<\/td><td>\u041e \u043e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f \u043f<\/td><td>\u0420 \u0440<\/td><td>\u0421 \u0441<\/td><td>\u0422 \u0442<\/td><td>\u0423 \u0443<\/td><td>\u040e \u045e<\/td><td>\u0424 \u0444<\/td><td>\u0425 \u0445<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0426 \u0446<\/td><td>\u0427 \u0447<\/td><td>\u0428 \u0448<\/td><td>\u042b \u044b<\/td><td>\u044c<\/td><td>\u042d \u044d<\/td><td>\u042e \u044e<\/td><td>\u042f \u044f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uk\u00e1zka b\u011blorusk\u00e9 abecedy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>A a<\/td><td>B b<\/td><td>C c<\/td><td>\u0106 \u0107<\/td><td>\u010c \u010d<\/td><td>D d<\/td><td>D<em>\u017e&nbsp;<\/em>d<em>\u017e&nbsp;<\/em><\/td><td>Dz dz<\/td><td>E e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F f<\/td><td>G g<\/td><td>H h<\/td><td>I i<\/td><td>J j<\/td><td>K k<\/td><td>L l<\/td><td>M m<\/td><td>N n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0143 \u0144<\/td><td>O o<\/td><td>P p<\/td><td>R r<\/td><td>S s<\/td><td>\u015a \u015b<\/td><td>\u0160 \u0161<\/td><td>T t<\/td><td>U u<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u016c \u016d<\/td><td>V v<\/td><td>Y y<\/td><td>Z z<\/td><td>\u0179 \u017a<\/td><td>\u017d \u017e<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/romstina\">Rom\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/spanelstina\">\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nemcina\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jazyk na p\u016fli cesty mezi\u00a0ru\u0161tinou\u00a0a\u00a0ukrajin\u0161tinou, kter\u00fd dnes zapisujeme azbukou i&nbsp;latinkou, to je b\u011bloru\u0161tina. V\u00edte, jak tento jazyk vznikl a&nbsp;\u010d\u00edm se vyzna\u010duje? \u010c\u00edm se vyzna\u010duje b\u011bloru\u0161tina? B\u011bloru\u0161tina je slovansk\u00fd indoevropsk\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed do&nbsp;skupiny v\u00fdchodoslovansk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, spolu s&nbsp;ukrajin\u0161tinou, ru\u0161tinou a&nbsp;rus\u00edn\u0161tinou. Je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem v&nbsp;B\u011blorusku a&nbsp;mluv\u00ed j\u00edm p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 7,9 milionu obyvatel. Jazykem v\u0161ak hovo\u0159\u00ed nejen B\u011blorusov\u00e9, ale [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2460","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2460"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2460\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8285,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2460\/revisions\/8285"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2460"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2460"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2460"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}