{"id":2450,"date":"2025-03-14T17:20:32","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2450"},"modified":"2025-07-06T19:57:12","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T17:57:12","slug":"egyptstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/egyptstina","title":{"rendered":"Egypt\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Egypt\u0161tina je jedn\u00edm z&nbsp;nejstar\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f, kter\u00fd se dochoval zejm\u00e9na v&nbsp;podob\u011b hieroglyf\u016f vytesan\u00fdch v&nbsp;chr\u00e1mech a&nbsp;na n\u00e1hrobc\u00edch. V&nbsp;hovorov\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di v\u0161ak zcela zanikl a&nbsp;dodnes je p\u0159edm\u011btem dohad\u016f. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, pro\u010d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-75-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-75-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-75-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-75-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-75.png 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Egypt\u0161tina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Egypt\u0161tina pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny\u00a0<strong>afroasijsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f,\u00a0<\/strong>kter\u00e9 se d\u0159\u00edve ozna\u010dovaly jako semitohamitsk\u00e9. Do t\u00e9to v\u011btve pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1le berbersk\u00e9 a\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/semitske-jazyky\">semitsk\u00e9 jazyky<\/a><\/strong>, jako\u00a0<a href=\"page\/preklady-ar\"><strong>arab\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/amharstina\">amhar\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/hebrejstina\">hebrej\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong>. Pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed semitohamitsk\u00e9 je odvozeno od jmen Noemov\u00fdch syn\u016f \u0160\u00e9ma a&nbsp;Ch\u00e1ma, kte\u0159\u00ed podle bible byli p\u0159edch\u016fdci Semit\u016f a&nbsp;Afri\u010dan\u016f. Co je pro tuto skupinu jazyk\u016f velmi typick\u00e9, je\u00a0<strong>souhl\u00e1skov\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/strong>. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee se v&nbsp;jazyce zapisuj\u00ed pouze souhl\u00e1sky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdvoj starov\u011bk\u00e9 egypt\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Starov\u011bk\u00e1 egypt\u0161tina je vedle sumer\u0161tiny jedn\u00edm z&nbsp;<strong>nejstar\u0161\u00edch dochovan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>. Prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z&nbsp;poloviny 3.&nbsp;tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., z&nbsp;obdob\u00ed star\u00e9ho egyptsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Starov\u011bk\u00e1 egypt\u0161tina k&nbsp;z\u00e1pisu pou\u017e\u00edvala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm&nbsp;<strong>hieroglyfick\u00e9 p\u00edsmo<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 se stalo ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mem psan\u00ed. Starov\u011bk\u00e1 egypt\u0161tina se pou\u017e\u00edvala p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b po dobu 3000 let a&nbsp;b\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby pro\u0161la&nbsp;<strong>5 hlavn\u00edmi v\u00fdvojov\u00fdmi stupni<\/strong>, ty se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Star\u00e1 egypt\u0161tina: jazyk archaick\u00e9 doby a&nbsp;obdob\u00ed Star\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Klasick\u00e1 egypt\u0161tina: pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 od Prvn\u00edho p\u0159echodn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed, po dobu St\u0159edn\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a\u017e do doby Druh\u00e9ho p\u0159echodn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Novoegypt\u0161tina: pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na do obdob\u00ed Sajsk\u00e9 dynastie (kolem r. 660 p\u0159. n. l.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e9mon\u0161tina: pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 do p\u0159elomu letopo\u010dtu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kopt\u0161tina: p\u0159etrv\u00e1vala a\u017e do obdob\u00ed 7.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed n. l.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Egypt\u0161tina&nbsp;<strong>jako hovorov\u00fd jazyk nakonec zanikla<\/strong>. Roli zde pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sehr\u00e1l i&nbsp;kulturn\u00ed zlom v&nbsp;Egypt\u011b p\u0159i p\u0159ijet\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed (v&nbsp;roce 30 p\u0159. n. l), kter\u00e9 znamenalo nejen opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed star\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, ale i&nbsp;hieroglyf\u016f. Nejsp\u00ed\u0161 tomu ale p\u0159isp\u011bl i&nbsp;fakt, \u017ee p\u00edsmo bylo z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed jen uzav\u0159en\u00e9 kasty. N\u00e1rodn\u00edm <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/uredni-jazyk\">jazykem<\/a><\/strong> modern\u00edho Egypta se po muslimsk\u00e9m v\u00fdboji v&nbsp;7.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed stala&nbsp;<strong>egyptsk\u00e1 arab\u0161tina,&nbsp;<\/strong>kter\u00e1 nahradila tehdej\u0161\u00ed verzi egypt\u0161tiny, tedy kopt\u0161tinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1pis egypt\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;egypt\u0161tin\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvalo se n\u011bkolik p\u00edsem. P\u00edsmo&nbsp;<strong>hieroglyfick\u00e9<\/strong>&nbsp;se vytes\u00e1valo na monumentech, zat\u00edmco&nbsp;<strong>hieratick\u00e1 kurz\u00edva<\/strong>, a&nbsp;jej\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odvozenina \u2013 d\u00e9motick\u00e1 kurz\u00edva, se psala na papyru, st\u0159epech a&nbsp;kamenn\u00fdch desti\u010dk\u00e1ch. Hieratick\u00e9 p\u00edsmo vzniklo z&nbsp;jednoho prost\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu: z\u00e1pis hieroglyf\u016f byl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 komplikovan\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kopt\u0161tina m\u00e1 u\u017e abecedn\u00ed p\u00edsmo&nbsp;<strong>zalo\u017een\u00e9 na \u0159eck\u00e9 abeced\u011b<\/strong>&nbsp;s&nbsp;n\u011bkolika p\u00edsmeny odvozen\u00fdmi z&nbsp;d\u00e9motick\u00fdch znak\u016f. V&nbsp;egypt\u0161tin\u011b z\u00e1rove\u0148 existuje zna\u010dn\u00e1 a&nbsp;rozmanit\u00e1 literatura, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e koptsk\u00e9 texty jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho charakteru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uk\u00e1zka hieroglyfick\u00e9ho p\u00edsma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-76.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-76.png 860w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-76-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-76-768x355.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: https:\/\/www.kindpng.com\/picc\/m\/543-5434644_list-of-egyptian-hieroglyphics-hd-png-download.png<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uk\u00e1zka hieratick\u00e9 kurz\u00edvy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-77.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-77.png 860w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-77-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-77-768x355.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: https:\/\/omniglot.com\/images\/writing\/hieratic.gif<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uk\u00e1zka kopt\u0161tiny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"485\" height=\"269\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-78.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2454\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-78.png 485w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-78-300x166.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: https:\/\/www.crystalinks.com\/copticalphabet.jpg<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syst\u00e9m psan\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto\u017ee symboly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v&nbsp;hieroglyfick\u00e9m p\u00edsmu&nbsp;<strong>vypadaj\u00ed jako mal\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky lid\u00ed, zv\u00ed\u0159at a&nbsp;p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f<\/strong>, je snadn\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee hieroglyfy tyto v\u011bci p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho n\u011bkter\u00e9 hieroglyfy ozna\u010duj\u00ed zvuky ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m egyptsk\u00e9m jazyce. Jin\u00e9 jsou ideografick\u00e9 znaky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pojmy, ale nemaj\u00ed p\u0159ipojen\u00fd zvuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Syst\u00e9m psan\u00ed staroegypt\u0161tiny je&nbsp;<strong>logografick\u00fd i&nbsp;fonetick\u00fd<\/strong>. Logografick\u00e9 znaky ozna\u010duj\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>slova<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;fonetick\u00e9 znaky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>jednu a\u017e t\u0159i souhl\u00e1sky<\/strong>. Fonetick\u00e9 znaky se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed bez ohledu na jejich p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Proto\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad logograf pro \u201e<em>d\u016fm<\/em>\u201c tak\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 zvuk \u201e<em>pr\u201c<\/em>, pro v\u00fdraz \u201e<em>j\u00edt ven<\/em>\u201c se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k&nbsp;z\u00e1pisu slovo \u201e<em>prn\u201c<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vzhledem k&nbsp;tomu, \u017ee samohl\u00e1sky nejsou zastoupeny p\u00edsemn\u011b, logograf pro \u201e<em>prn<\/em>\u201c se odli\u0161uje od logografu pro \u201e<em>pr<\/em>\u201c pro \u201e<em>d\u016fm<\/em>\u201c p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm znaku \u201echod\u00edc\u00ed nohy.\u201c Tento typ s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed je zn\u00e1m jako \u201e<strong>s\u00e9mantick\u00fd determinativ<\/strong>\u201c, proto\u017ee ozna\u010duje slovn\u00ed druh, a&nbsp;t\u00edm i&nbsp;v\u00fdznam dan\u00e9ho slova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zaj\u00edmavosti egypt\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u010dkoli byl syst\u00e9m p\u00edsma nakonec pou\u017eit i&nbsp;pro jin\u00e9 typy p\u00edsma, hieroglyfy nikdy neztratily sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed spojen\u00ed s&nbsp;<strong>elitn\u00edm kontextem<\/strong>&nbsp;v&nbsp;pam\u00e1tn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00edch, jako jsou&nbsp;<strong>chr\u00e1my a&nbsp;hrobky<\/strong>. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli \u010dleny kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 rodiny, tak\u00e9 n\u011bkdy pou\u017e\u00edvali hieroglyfy ve sv\u00fdch soukrom\u00fdch hrobk\u00e1ch a&nbsp;pam\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee byli dostate\u010dn\u011b bohat\u00ed, aby si mohli dovolit slu\u017eby kamenosocha\u0159\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zjistit v\u00fdznam text\u016f psan\u00fdch hieroglyfick\u00fdm p\u00edsmem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pro studenty jazyka velkou v\u00fdzvou a&nbsp;<strong>vy\u017eaduje ur\u010ditou m\u00edru subjektivn\u00ed interpretace<\/strong>. Stejn\u011b tak i&nbsp;jejich \u010dten\u00ed nahlas nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9. Nen\u00ed to jen kv\u016fli pou\u017eit\u00ed fonetick\u00fdch znak\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u010din\u00ed p\u0159eklad n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e skute\u010dnost, \u017ee nen\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1n syst\u00e9m samohl\u00e1sek starov\u011bk\u00e9 egypt\u0161tiny. O&nbsp;spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fdslovnosti slov se tedy vedou pouze dohady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/anglictina\">Angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/francouzstina\">Francouz\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nemcina\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Egypt\u0161tina je jedn\u00edm z&nbsp;nejstar\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f, kter\u00fd se dochoval zejm\u00e9na v&nbsp;podob\u011b hieroglyf\u016f vytesan\u00fdch v&nbsp;chr\u00e1mech a&nbsp;na n\u00e1hrobc\u00edch. V&nbsp;hovorov\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di v\u0161ak zcela zanikl a&nbsp;dodnes je p\u0159edm\u011btem dohad\u016f. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, pro\u010d? Egypt\u0161tina Egypt\u0161tina pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny\u00a0afroasijsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f,\u00a0kter\u00e9 se d\u0159\u00edve ozna\u010dovaly jako semitohamitsk\u00e9. Do t\u00e9to v\u011btve pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1le berbersk\u00e9 a\u00a0semitsk\u00e9 jazyky, jako\u00a0arab\u0161tina,\u00a0amhar\u0161tina\u00a0a\u00a0hebrej\u0161tina. Pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed semitohamitsk\u00e9 je odvozeno od jmen Noemov\u00fdch syn\u016f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2450"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8585,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2450\/revisions\/8585"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}