{"id":2443,"date":"2025-03-14T17:18:08","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:18:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2443"},"modified":"2025-07-06T19:49:23","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T17:49:23","slug":"indonestina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/indonestina","title":{"rendered":"Indon\u00e9\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Indon\u00e9\u0161tinou se hovo\u0159\u00ed v&nbsp;jedn\u00e9 z&nbsp;nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed sv\u011bta, tedy Indon\u00e9sii. Tento jazyk je po gramatick\u00e9 str\u00e1nce velmi jednoduch\u00fd, se slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobou tomu u\u017e tak ale nen\u00ed. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, \u010d\u00edm je indon\u00e9\u0161tina specifick\u00e1?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-72-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2444\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-72-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-72-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-72-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-72.png 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010c\u00edm se vyzna\u010duje indon\u00e9\u0161tina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Indon\u00e9\u0161tina pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny malajsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a&nbsp;z\u00e1rove\u0148 vych\u00e1z\u00ed\u00a0malaj\u0161tiny. Proto jsou si dnes tyto dva jazyky podobn\u00e9 snad je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce, ne\u017e\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/cestina\"><strong>\u010de\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0<a href=\"page\/preklady-sk\"><strong>sloven\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>. Malaj\u0161tina d\u0159\u00edve byla jazykem n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016f a&nbsp;obchodn\u00edk\u016f, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, v\u010detn\u011b Indon\u00e9sie, a&nbsp;stala se dorozum\u00edvac\u00edm jazykem v\u00a0tamn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstavech a&nbsp;na tr\u017ei\u0161t\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 indon\u00e9\u0161tina je tedy v&nbsp;podstat\u011b&nbsp;<strong>upravenou podobou malaj\u0161tiny,&nbsp;<\/strong>tedy p\u0159esn\u011bji jej\u00ed sumatr\u00e1nskou formou. Sumatra je podle etnolog\u016f pova\u017eov\u00e1na za kol\u00e9bku malajsk\u00e9ho jazyka i&nbsp;kultury. Indon\u00e9\u0161tina se stala&nbsp;<strong>ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem Indon\u00e9sie a\u017e po vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti<\/strong>&nbsp;v&nbsp;roce 1945. Po vzniku samostatn\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu se pot\u00e9 do ji\u017e ofici\u00e1ln\u00edho jazyka za\u010daly dost\u00e1vat slova z&nbsp;dom\u00e1ck\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, zejm\u00e9na jav\u00e1d\u0161tiny a&nbsp;sund\u0161tiny.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indon\u00e9\u0161tina tedy nen\u00ed rodn\u00fdm jazykem v\u0161ech Indon\u00e9san\u016f, nicm\u00e9n\u011b ji dnes ka\u017ed\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1. Krom\u011b toho v\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatel Indon\u00e9sie rovn\u011b\u017e hovo\u0159\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00edmi jazyky nebo m\u00edstn\u00edmi n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00edmi. P\u0159esto\u017ee je indon\u00e9\u0161tina pova\u017eov\u00e1na za&nbsp;<strong>jeden z&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptejteseknihovny.cz\/dotazy\/nejlehci-jazyk\"><strong>nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f sv\u011bta<\/strong><\/a>, m\u016f\u017eete m\u00edt probl\u00e9m se v&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech dorozum\u011bt, nebo\u0165 se v&nbsp;zemi hovo\u0159\u00ed celkem 583 jazyky a&nbsp;dialekty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gramatika indon\u00e9\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Indon\u00e9\u0161tina pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 latinku a&nbsp;z&nbsp;gramatick\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159edstavuje velmi jednoduch\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 se nau\u010dit.&nbsp;<strong>Nem\u00e1 toti\u017e p\u00e1dy ani slovesn\u00e9 \u010dasy<\/strong>, co\u017e je ov\u0161em nahrazeno&nbsp;<strong>syst\u00e9mem p\u0159\u00edpon a&nbsp;p\u0159edpon<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed d\u00e1vat slov\u016fm specifick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Nap\u0159\u00edklad slovo \u201e<strong>baca<\/strong>\u201c, kter\u00e9 naleznete ve slovn\u00edku, znamen\u00e1 \u201e\u010dten\u00ed\u201c. &nbsp;V&nbsp;praxi se ov\u0161em setk\u00e1te s&nbsp;od n\u011bj odvozen\u00fdmi v\u00fdrazy, jako jsou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Membaca: \u010d\u00edst<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terbaca: \u010diteln\u00fd<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Membacakan: p\u0159ed\u010d\u00edtat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pembaca: \u010dten\u00e1\u0159<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bacakan: \u010dten\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo<\/strong>&nbsp;se neutv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed gramaticky, ale jednodu\u0161e tak, \u017ee dan\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>slovo vyslov\u00edte dvakr\u00e1t po sob\u011b<\/strong>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201e\u010dlov\u011bk\u201c se \u0159ekne \u201e<em>orang<\/em>\u201c a&nbsp;\u201elid\u00e9\u201c \u201e<em>orang orang<\/em>\u201c. Minul\u00fd a&nbsp;budouc\u00ed \u010das zase vytvo\u0159\u00edte pouze t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159ipoj\u00edte ke slovesu \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fadaj (v\u010dera, dnes, z\u00edtra apod.). U&nbsp;budouc\u00edho \u010dasu s&nbsp;nevyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fdm \u010dasov\u00fdm \u00fadajem pak sta\u010d\u00ed p\u0159ipojit slov\u00ed\u010dko \u201e<em>akan<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Slovosled jazyka je pevn\u00fd<\/strong>, stejn\u011b jako nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;angli\u010dtin\u011b. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jej nelze m\u011bnit podle libosti. V\u011bta v\u017edy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 podm\u011btem, pokra\u010duje p\u0159\u00edsudkem a&nbsp;po nich n\u00e1sleduje p\u0159edm\u011bt a&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011btn\u00e9 \u010dleny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdslovnost indon\u00e9\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;indon\u00e9\u0161tin\u011b se slova podobn\u011b jako v&nbsp;\u010de\u0161tin\u011b vyslovuj\u00ed tak, jak se p\u00ed\u0161ou. Existuj\u00ed zde ov\u0161em drobn\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky ve vyslovov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u00edsmen. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hl\u00e1sky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201ej\u201c \u010dte se jako \u201ed\u017e\u201c (Jakarta = \u201eD\u017eakarta\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201eh\u201c Ne\u010dte se na konci slova<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201eng\u201c Nosovka \u2013 vyslovuje se stejn\u011b jako nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;anglick\u00e9m slov\u011b song<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201ee\u201c \u010casto se ne\u010dte v\u016fbec nebo velmi oslaben\u011b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201ec\u201c Zhruba jako \u201e\u010d\u201c (puncak = \u201epun\u010dak\u201c)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201ey\u201c \u010cte se jako \u201ej\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201eny\u201c \u010cte se jako \u201e\u0148\u201c (semanya = \u201esema\u0148a\u201c)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba indon\u00e9\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od evropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f je indon\u00e9\u0161tina velmi r\u016fznorod\u00e1 a&nbsp;zm\u011bna jednoho p\u00edsmene nic neznamen\u00e1, \u010dili nezm\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdznam slova. Tento jazyk m\u00e1 nav\u00edc&nbsp;<strong>pro v\u011bt\u0161inu slov v\u00edce v\u00fdraz\u016f<\/strong>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeden a\u017e dva b\u00fdvaj\u00ed indon\u00e9sk\u00e9 a&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z&nbsp;lok\u00e1ln\u00edch jazyk\u016f, jako je j\u00e1van\u0161tina, sund\u0161tina, balij\u0161tina apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto v\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee snadno zm\u00e1st, \u017ee kdy\u017e se nau\u010d\u00edte jeden v\u00fdraz, ostatn\u00ed zrovna pou\u017eij\u00ed jin\u00fd. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed Indon\u00e9san\u00e9 nav\u00edc neznaj\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 indon\u00e9sk\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy, a&nbsp;tak jednodu\u0161e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ty lok\u00e1ln\u00ed. \u010casto se nav\u00edc v&nbsp;jazyce pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i&nbsp;zkr\u00e1ceniny slov, tak\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201epan\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00e1 se v&nbsp;indon\u00e9\u0161tin\u011b \u0159ekne \u201e<em>ibu<\/em>\u201c se m\u016f\u017ee vyslovit jen jako \u201e<em>bu<\/em>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrazy v&nbsp;indon\u00e9\u0161tin\u011b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud se chyst\u00e1te do Indon\u00e9sie, mohou se v\u00e1m hodit p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00e1 z&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch slov\u00ed\u010dek a&nbsp;fr\u00e1z\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Selamat pagi: Dobr\u00e9 r\u00e1no<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selamat siang: Dobr\u00e9 odpoledne<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selamat malam: Dobr\u00fd ve\u010der<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apa kabar: Jak se m\u00e1\u0161? \u2013 Baik (odpov\u011b\u010f)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selamat sore: Dobr\u00fd den v&nbsp;rozmez\u00ed od 11 do 14 hodin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selamat tidur: Dobrou noc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tolong: Pros\u00edm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terima kasih: D\u011bkuji<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sama sama: Nen\u00ed za\u010d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Permisi: Omluvte m\u011b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maaf: Promi\u0148te<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ya: Ano<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tidak: Ne<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mungkin: Mo\u017en\u00e1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selamat datang: V\u00edtej(te)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Siapa nama anda: Jak se jmenuje\u0161?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nama saya: Jmenuji se\u2026<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dari mana?: Odkud jsi?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Saya dari republic ceko: Jsem z&nbsp;\u010cesk\u00e9 republiky<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Silakan duduk: Pros\u00edm posa\u010fte se<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hati-hati: Opatrn\u011b\/ D\u00e1vajte na sebe pozor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selamant tingal: Sbohem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Berapa harganya: Kolik to stoj\u00ed?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jam berapa sekarang?: Kolik je hodin?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hari ini: Dnes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Besok: Z\u00edtra<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kemarin: V\u010dera<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lusa: Poz\u00edt\u0159\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Goreng: Sma\u017een\u00fd<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Na\u0161\u00ed: R\u00fd\u017ee<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kentang: Brambory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mie, bakmie, bihun: Nudle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ikan: Ryba<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ayam: Ku\u0159e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Babi: Vep\u0159ov\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Soto: Pol\u00e9vka<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Telor, telur: Vejce<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Teh: \u010caj<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kopi: K\u00e1va<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Air: Voda<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Garam: S\u016fl<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gula: Cu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/anglictina\">Angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/francouzstina\">Francouz\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nemcina\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indon\u00e9\u0161tinou se hovo\u0159\u00ed v&nbsp;jedn\u00e9 z&nbsp;nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed sv\u011bta, tedy Indon\u00e9sii. Tento jazyk je po gramatick\u00e9 str\u00e1nce velmi jednoduch\u00fd, se slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobou tomu u\u017e tak ale nen\u00ed. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, \u010d\u00edm je indon\u00e9\u0161tina specifick\u00e1? \u010c\u00edm se vyzna\u010duje indon\u00e9\u0161tina? Indon\u00e9\u0161tina pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny malajsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a&nbsp;z\u00e1rove\u0148 vych\u00e1z\u00ed\u00a0malaj\u0161tiny. Proto jsou si dnes tyto dva jazyky podobn\u00e9 snad je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce, ne\u017e\u00a0\u010de\u0161tina\u00a0a\u00a0sloven\u0161tina. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2443"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2443\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8581,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2443\/revisions\/8581"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2443"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}