{"id":2437,"date":"2025-03-14T17:16:05","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:16:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2437"},"modified":"2025-06-27T17:59:00","modified_gmt":"2025-06-27T15:59:00","slug":"bretonstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/bretonstina","title":{"rendered":"Breton\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee breton\u0161tina, p\u016fvodem keltsk\u00fd jazyk, se dostala do Francie z&nbsp;jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie? Pokud se o&nbsp;n\u00ed chcete dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce, v&nbsp;tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku m\u00e1te mo\u017enost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"818\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-70.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-70.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-70-300x245.png 300w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-70-768x628.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.letelegramme.fr\/images\/2018\/11\/14\/langue-bretonne-menacee-de-disparition-selon-50-associations_4265518.jpg\">Zdroj<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je breton\u0161tina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Breton\u0161tina je&nbsp;<strong>jedn\u00edm ze \u0161esti dochovan\u00fdch keltsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>, kter\u00fdm se dnes hovo\u0159\u00ed na Breta\u0148sk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b v&nbsp;severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Francie. Tato \u0159e\u010d je velmi bl\u00edzk\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na korn\u0161tin\u011b a&nbsp;vel\u0161tin\u011b, se kter\u00fdmi sd\u00edl\u00ed stejnou slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu. Zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 jazyky jsou&nbsp;<strong>pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie<\/strong>, odkud poch\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 dne\u0161n\u00edch Bretonc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se zbyl\u00fdmi keltsk\u00fdmi jazyky \u2013&nbsp;ir\u0161tinou,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/gaelstina\">skotskou gael\u0161tinou<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;man\u0161tinou \u2013 m\u00e1 breton\u0161tina spole\u010dn\u00e9 gramatick\u00e9 u\u017eit\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch konsonant\u016f, je\u017e slou\u017e\u00ed k&nbsp;ur\u010den\u00ed rodu. Breton\u0161tina tak\u00e9 p\u0159ejala pom\u011brn\u011b&nbsp;<strong>velkou \u010d\u00e1st slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby z&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/francouzstina\">francouz\u0161tiny<\/a>,&nbsp;<\/strong>latiny<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch z&nbsp;galsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e zanikly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Breton\u0161tina v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Breton\u0161tina&nbsp;<strong>nen\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako <a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/uredni-jazyk\">\u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;Francie, nebo\u0165 jedin\u00fdm ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem cel\u00e9 zem\u011b je francouz\u0161tina. Od 20.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed po\u010det mluv\u010d\u00edch jazyka postupn\u011b kles\u00e1 a&nbsp;dnes u\u017e se jej u\u010d\u00ed jen velmi mal\u00e9 procento d\u011bt\u00ed. A&nbsp;v\u011bt\u0161inou jen na soukrom\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Zat\u00edmco v&nbsp;prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed breton\u0161tina m\u011bla p\u0159es milion mluv\u010d\u00edch, v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b u\u017e tento&nbsp;<strong>po\u010det klesl zhruba na 500 tis\u00edc<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rodi\u010de postupem \u010dasu na sv\u00e9 d\u011bti za\u010dali mluvit p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b francouzsky, nebo\u0165&nbsp;<strong>francouz\u0161tina za\u010d\u00ednala b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za vzne\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159edek komunikace<\/strong>. Hovo\u0159it francouzsky t\u00edm p\u00e1dem zna\u010dilo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed status. V&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breta%C5%88\"><strong>Bretani<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;tak dnes pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bji naraz\u00edte na rodil\u00e9 mluv\u010d\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho v\u011bku (70&nbsp;% mluv\u010d\u00edch je star\u0161\u00edch 60 let).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Breton\u0161tinu d\u00e1le m\u016f\u017eete&nbsp;<strong>zaslechnout na n\u011bkolika rozhlasov\u00fdch stanic\u00edch<\/strong>&nbsp;nebo v&nbsp;t\u00fddenn\u00edm hodinov\u00e9m televizn\u00edm programu. Existuje rovn\u011b\u017e \u0159ada bretonsk\u00fdch t\u00fdden\u00edk\u016f a&nbsp;m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edk\u016f. I&nbsp;kdy\u017e v&nbsp;sou\u010dasnosti jazyk u\u017e mnoho lid\u00ed neovl\u00e1d\u00e1, Bretonci ji st\u00e1le pova\u017euj\u00ed za d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st svoj\u00ed identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vznik modern\u00ed breton\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Breton\u0161tina se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila do z\u00e1padn\u00ed Galie, dne\u0161n\u00ed Bretan\u011b,&nbsp;<strong>v 5.&nbsp;a&nbsp;6.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed migranty z&nbsp;jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Brit\u00e1nie<\/strong>. Ti se usadili v&nbsp;z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti tehdy zvan\u00e9ho armorsk\u00e9ho poloostrova, zat\u00edmco ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti zem\u011b se zase uchytil rom\u00e1nsk\u00fd jazyk zvan\u00fd galorom\u00e1n\u0161tina. Tomuto jazyku se dnes \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 star\u00e1 breton\u0161tina. Pou\u017e\u00edvala se a\u017e do 11.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed a&nbsp;v&nbsp;sou\u010dasnosti ji zn\u00e1me p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky dochovan\u00fdm text\u016fm, zejm\u00e9na glos\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pozdn\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed breton\u0161tina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Z&nbsp;obdob\u00ed od 15.&nbsp;do 17.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed se d\u00e1le dochovala pozdn\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed breton\u0161tina&nbsp;<strong>v&nbsp;podob\u011b propracovan\u00e9 poezie<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 se po prozodick\u00e9 str\u00e1nce bl\u00edzce podob\u00e1 vel\u0161sk\u00e9 poezii. Pozdn\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed breton\u0161tina se tak\u00e9 uplat\u0148ovala v&nbsp;modlitebn\u00edch knih\u00e1ch a&nbsp;katechismech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Psan\u00e1 modern\u00ed breton\u0161tina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd miln\u00edk ve v\u00fdvoji breton\u0161tiny je pova\u017eov\u00e1no vyd\u00e1n\u00ed slovn\u00edku&nbsp;<strong>Juliena Maunoira<\/strong>&nbsp;v&nbsp;roce 1659, kter\u00fd se zaslou\u017eil o&nbsp;vznik psan\u00e9 modern\u00ed breton\u0161tiny. D\u00edlo bohu\u017eel m\u011blo jen mal\u00fd vliv na mluven\u00fd jazyk. Postupem \u010dasu v\u0161ak&nbsp;<strong>vznikaly n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 publikace<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 se \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce bl\u00ed\u017eily mluven\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di. Standardy pro jazyk se ov\u0161em vyv\u00edjely samostatn\u011b ve \u010dty\u0159ech breta\u0148sk\u00fdch biskupstv\u00edch, \u010d\u00edm\u017e podpo\u0159ily teorii o&nbsp;existenci \u010dty\u0159 bretonsk\u00fdch dialekt\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cornouaille<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u00e9on<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tr\u00e9guier<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vannes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pozd\u011bji,&nbsp;<strong>b\u011bhem 18.&nbsp;a&nbsp;19.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed<\/strong>, bylo vynalo\u017eeno velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed o&nbsp;vytvo\u0159en\u00ed jednotn\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 normy pro breton\u0161tinu. V&nbsp;t\u00e9to dob\u011b&nbsp;<strong>Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Le Gonidec vydal breta\u0148skou gramatiku<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;o&nbsp;n\u011bco pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>breta\u0148sk\u00fd slovn\u00edk<\/strong>. V&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech v\u0161ak politick\u00e1 situace zp\u016fsobila v&nbsp;jazyce zmatek a&nbsp;\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jazykov\u00fd census nikdy nebyl vytvo\u0159en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V&nbsp;\u010dem je breton\u0161tina specifick\u00e1?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Breton\u0161tina je ps\u00e1na pomoc\u00ed latinsk\u00e9 abecedy. Neobsahuje pouze p\u00edsmeno&nbsp;<em>c<\/em>, ale zato pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jedno speci\u00e1ln\u00ed:&nbsp;<strong><em>c\u2019h<\/em>,<\/strong>&nbsp;jeho\u017e v\u00fdslovnost odpov\u00edd\u00e1 n\u011b\u010demu mezi \u0161pan\u011blskou jotou a&nbsp;zvu\u010dn\u00fdm&nbsp;<em>h<\/em>. Setk\u00e1me se s&nbsp;n\u00edm nap\u0159\u00edklad ve fr\u00e1zi \u201e<em>Deut mad oc&#8217;h\u201c<\/em>, co\u017e v&nbsp;p\u0159ekladu znamen\u00e1 \u201e<em>V\u00edtejte\u201c<\/em>. Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 diakritick\u00e1 znam\u00e9nka v&nbsp;jazyce jsou&nbsp;<strong><em>\u00e2, \u00ea, \u00f1, \u00f4, \u00f9, \u00fc<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba breton\u0161tiny<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;t\u00e9to tabulce si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout p\u0159\u00edbuznost s&nbsp;dal\u0161\u00edmi keltsk\u00fdmi jazyky. V&nbsp;prav\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti tabulky pak naleznete \u010desk\u00fd p\u0159eklad jednotliv\u00fdch slov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>breton\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>korn\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>vel\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ir\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>skotsk\u00e1&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>gael\u0161tina<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>man\u0161tina<\/strong><strong>(Manx)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/cestina\">\u010de\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ti<\/strong><\/td><td>chy<\/td><td>t\u0177<\/td><td>teach<\/td><td>taigh<\/td><td>thie<\/td><td>d\u016fm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>dour<\/strong><\/td><td>dowr<\/td><td>d\u0175r<\/td><td>uisce<\/td><td>uisge<\/td><td>ushtey<\/td><td>voda<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>mab<\/strong><\/td><td>map<\/td><td>mab<\/td><td>mac<\/td><td>mac<\/td><td>mac<\/td><td>syn<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>penn<\/strong><\/td><td>pen<\/td><td>pen<\/td><td>ceann<\/td><td>ceann<\/td><td>kione<\/td><td>hlava<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ki<\/strong><\/td><td>ky<\/td><td>ci<\/td><td>c\u00fa<\/td><td>c\u00f9<\/td><td>coo<\/td><td>pes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>amann<\/strong><\/td><td>amanyn<\/td><td>menyn<\/td><td>im<\/td><td>\u00ecm<\/td><td>eem<\/td><td>m\u00e1slo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>aval<\/strong><\/td><td>aval<\/td><td>afal<\/td><td>\u00fall<\/td><td>ubhal<\/td><td>ooyl<\/td><td>jablko<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>amzer<\/strong><\/td><td>amser<\/td><td>amser<\/td><td>aimsir<\/td><td>aimsir<\/td><td>emshyr<\/td><td>\u010das<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>gwenn<\/strong><\/td><td>gwyn<\/td><td>gwyn\/gwen<\/td><td>fionn<\/td><td>fionn<\/td><td>fynn<\/td><td>b\u00edl\u00fd<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>skriva\u00f1<\/strong><\/td><td>scryfa<\/td><td>ysgrifennu<\/td><td>scr\u00ed\u00adobh<\/td><td>sgr\u00ecobh<\/td><td>screeu<\/td><td>ps\u00e1t<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/armenstina\">Arm\u00e9n\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/preklady-spanelstiny\">\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/preklady-nemciny\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee breton\u0161tina, p\u016fvodem keltsk\u00fd jazyk, se dostala do Francie z&nbsp;jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie? Pokud se o&nbsp;n\u00ed chcete dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce, v&nbsp;tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku m\u00e1te mo\u017enost. Zdroj Co je breton\u0161tina? Breton\u0161tina je&nbsp;jedn\u00edm ze \u0161esti dochovan\u00fdch keltsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, kter\u00fdm se dnes hovo\u0159\u00ed na Breta\u0148sk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b v&nbsp;severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Francie. Tato \u0159e\u010d je velmi bl\u00edzk\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na korn\u0161tin\u011b a&nbsp;vel\u0161tin\u011b, se kter\u00fdmi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2437","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2437"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2437\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8295,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2437\/revisions\/8295"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2437"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2437"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2437"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}