{"id":2429,"date":"2025-03-14T17:13:40","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:13:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2429"},"modified":"2025-06-26T15:06:33","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T13:06:33","slug":"aramejstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/aramejstina","title":{"rendered":"Aramej\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Starov\u011bk\u00fd jazyk Bible i&nbsp;samotn\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, dodnes pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd men\u0161inami \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho i&nbsp;k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b. \u0158e\u010d je o&nbsp;jazyku zvan\u00e9m aramej\u0161tina. V\u00edte, kde se vzala a&nbsp;\u010d\u00edm si vyzna\u010duje?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-66.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-66.png 885w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-66-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-66-768x375.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroje: https:\/\/www.ames.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/www.ames.cam.ac.uk\/files\/styles\/carousel\/public\/Aramaic-research-carousel.jpg?itok=TQE7mFlW<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je to aramej\u0161tina?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aramej\u0161tina je jazyk star\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3&nbsp;000 let nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 i&nbsp;v\u00edce, kter\u00fd&nbsp;<strong>pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny semitsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>. Do t\u00e9to skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1le jazyky, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/hebrejstina\">hebrej\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/arabstina\">arab\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong>. Aramej\u0161tina je jazykem velk\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>dvou biblick\u00fdch knih Daniel a&nbsp;Ezra<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed ji st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro sv\u00e1 setk\u00e1n\u00ed. Mluvena je tak\u00e9 men\u0161inami na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kde se dnes aramej\u0161tina pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aramej\u0161tina je jazykem&nbsp;<strong>\u017eidovsk\u00e9ho Talmudu<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;st\u00e1le ji v&nbsp;sou\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mal\u00e9 skupiny lid\u00ed na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b od \u00c1zerb\u00e1jd\u017e\u00e1nu a\u017e po S\u00fdrii, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e dnes existuje v&nbsp;podob\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdch dialekt\u016f. Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 mezi&nbsp;<strong>z\u00e1padn\u00edmi a&nbsp;v\u00fdchodn\u00edmi variantami<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;tak\u00e9 mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edmi. V&nbsp;d\u016fsledku toho neexistuje vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 srozumitelnost mezi dialekty, kter\u00fdmi mluv\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9, \u017eid\u00e9 a&nbsp;mandejci<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 modern\u00ed aramejsk\u00e9 jazyky&nbsp;<\/strong>jsou \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny modern\u00ed syr\u0161tinou nebo novosyr\u0161tinou a&nbsp;mezi sebou jsou srozumiteln\u00e9. V\u00fdchodosyrsk\u00e9 komunity jsou obvykle bu\u010f chaldej\u0161t\u00ed katol\u00edci nebo Asy\u0159an\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017didovsk\u00fdmi modern\u00edmi aramejsk\u00fdmi jazyky<\/strong>&nbsp;se nyn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou mluv\u00ed v&nbsp;Izraeli a&nbsp;v\u011bt\u0161ina z&nbsp;nich \u010del\u00ed z\u00e1niku, proto\u017ee star\u0161\u00ed mluv\u010d\u00ed nep\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed jazyk mlad\u0161\u00edm generac\u00edm. \u017didovsk\u00e9 dialekty z&nbsp;komunit, kter\u00e9 kdysi \u017eily v&nbsp;Ir\u00e1ku, si v\u0161ak nejsou v\u0161echny vz\u00e1jemn\u011b srozumiteln\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historie aramej\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aramej\u0161tina je&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semitsk%C3%A9_jazyky\"><strong>semitsk\u00fd jazyk<\/strong><\/a>, kter\u00fdm p\u016fvodn\u011b mluvili lid\u00e9 na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b, zn\u00e1m\u00ed jako Aramejci. Byla nejv\u00edce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e1 hebrej\u0161tin\u011b, f\u00e9ni\u010d\u0161tin\u011b a&nbsp;syr\u0161tin\u011b a&nbsp;byla ps\u00e1na&nbsp;<strong>p\u00edsmem odvozen\u00fdm z&nbsp;f\u00e9nick\u00e9 abecedy<\/strong>. F\u00e9nick\u00e1 abeceda vypad\u00e1 n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-67.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2431\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-67.png 640w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-67-300x270.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj: https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Phoenician_alphabet.svg\/640px-Phoenician_alphabet.svg.png<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aramej\u0161tina se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b poprv\u00e9 objevila mezi Aramejci&nbsp;<strong>koncem 11.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;v&nbsp;8.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. byla rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159ijata Asy\u0159any (p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky semitsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda na \u00fazem\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mie) jako druh\u00fd jazyk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Babylon\u0161t\u00ed obchodn\u00edci se d\u00e1le zaslou\u017eili o&nbsp;roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed jazyka b\u011bhem masov\u00e9 deportace, tud\u00ed\u017e aramej\u0161tina pozd\u011bji postupn\u011b vytla\u010dila i&nbsp;akkad\u0161tinu jako\u00a0<strong>lingua franca St\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu<\/strong>. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se stala ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem persk\u00e9 dynastie (559\u2013330 p\u0159. n. l.), nicm\u00e9n\u011b po v\u00fdboj\u00edch Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho ji op\u011bt vytla\u010dila\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/rectina\">\u0159e\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0a stala se ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem cel\u00e9 b\u00fdval\u00e9 persk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Aramejsk\u00e9 dialekty se pou\u017e\u00edvaly do obdob\u00ed star\u00e9ho \u0158\u00edma, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na \u00fazem\u00ed Palestiny a&nbsp;S\u00fdrie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jazyk \u017eid\u016f a&nbsp;bible<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ji\u017e v&nbsp;6.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem Aramej\u0161tina&nbsp;<strong>nahradila hebrej\u0161tinu jako jazyk \u017did\u016f<\/strong>. N\u011bkter\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>\u010d\u00e1sti Bible<\/strong>, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b knihy Daniel a&nbsp;Ezra, jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad ps\u00e1ny v&nbsp;aramej\u0161tin\u011b, stejn\u011b jako&nbsp;<strong>babylonsk\u00fd a&nbsp;jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd Talmud<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dokonce se traduje, \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 a&nbsp;apo\u0161tolov\u00e9 mluvili aramejsky a&nbsp;\u017ee v&nbsp;tomto jazyce rovn\u011b\u017e kolovaly p\u0159eklady Star\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Mezi \u017didy byla aramej\u0161tina&nbsp;<strong>pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na oby\u010dejn\u00fdmi lidmi<\/strong>, zat\u00edmco hebrej\u0161tina z\u016fstala jazykem n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, vl\u00e1dy a&nbsp;vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdchodn\u00ed a&nbsp;z\u00e1padn\u00ed aramej\u0161tina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V&nbsp;prvn\u00edch stolet\u00edch na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu se aramej\u0161tina&nbsp;<strong>rozd\u011blila na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a&nbsp;z\u00e1padn\u00ed v\u011btev<\/strong>. Mezi z\u00e1padoaramejsk\u00e9 dialekty pat\u0159\u00ed nabatej\u0161tina, kterou se d\u0159\u00edve mluvilo v&nbsp;\u010d\u00e1stech Ar\u00e1bie, palm\u00fdrsk\u00fd dialekt, mluven\u00fd v&nbsp;Palm\u00fdrsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1zel severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Dama\u0161ku, palestinsko-k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd a&nbsp;\u017eidovsko-aramejsk\u00fd dialekt. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed aramej\u0161tinou dnes st\u00e1le mluv\u00ed mal\u00fd po\u010det obyvatel&nbsp;<strong>v&nbsp;S\u00fdrii na venkov\u011b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdchodn\u00ed aramej\u0161tina zahrnuje syr\u0161tinu, mandej\u0161tinu, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed novoasyr\u0161tinu a&nbsp;aramej\u0161tinu&nbsp;<strong>babylonsk\u00e9ho Talmudu<\/strong>. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z&nbsp;nich je&nbsp;<strong>syr\u0161tina, jeliko\u017e byla jazykem literatury<\/strong>&nbsp;mezi 3.&nbsp;a&nbsp;7.&nbsp;stolet\u00edm. Mandej\u0161tina byla dialektem gnostick\u00e9 sekty s&nbsp;centrem v&nbsp;doln\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mii. V\u00fdchodn\u00ed aramej\u0161tinou dnes st\u00e1le mluv\u00ed n\u011bkolik mal\u00fdch skupin jakobitsk\u00fdch a&nbsp;nestori\u00e1nsk\u00fdch k\u0159es\u0165an\u016f na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aramejsk\u00e1 abeceda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aramejsk\u00e1 abeceda se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z&nbsp;22 znak\u016f a&nbsp;<strong>vyvinula se z&nbsp;F\u00e9nick\u00e9 abecedy<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 jste si mohli pov\u0161imnout o&nbsp;n\u011bkolik \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f v\u00fd\u0161e. Od n\u00ed se pot\u00e9 odli\u0161ila v&nbsp;8.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.&nbsp;<strong>V\u0161echna p\u00edsmena p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed souhl\u00e1sky<\/strong>, z&nbsp;nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou tzv.&nbsp;<em>matres lectionis<\/em>, kter\u00e9 ozna\u010duj\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 samohl\u00e1sky. N\u00ed\u017ee si ji m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"395\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-68.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-68.png 588w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-68-300x202.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/omniglot.com\/images\/writing\/aramaic_early.gif\">https:\/\/omniglot.com\/images\/writing\/aramaic_early.gif<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/anglictina\">Angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/spanelstina\">\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nemcina\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Starov\u011bk\u00fd jazyk Bible i&nbsp;samotn\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, dodnes pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd men\u0161inami \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho i&nbsp;k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b. \u0158e\u010d je o&nbsp;jazyku zvan\u00e9m aramej\u0161tina. V\u00edte, kde se vzala a&nbsp;\u010d\u00edm si vyzna\u010duje? Zdroje: https:\/\/www.ames.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/www.ames.cam.ac.uk\/files\/styles\/carousel\/public\/Aramaic-research-carousel.jpg?itok=TQE7mFlW Co je to aramej\u0161tina? Aramej\u0161tina je jazyk star\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3&nbsp;000 let nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 i&nbsp;v\u00edce, kter\u00fd&nbsp;pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny semitsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Do t\u00e9to skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed d\u00e1le jazyky, jako je [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2429"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2429\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8281,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2429\/revisions\/8281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}