Polovina mluv\u010d\u00edch dnes \u017eije v diaspo\u0159e<\/strong>, zejm\u00e9na v USA (nejv\u00edce ve st\u00e1t\u011b Georgia), Rusku, \u00cdr\u00e1nu, Francii, Egypt\u011b a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech. Diaspora je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro etnickou skupinu lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed emigruj\u00ed ze sv\u00e9 zem\u011b, ale zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed si vlastn\u00ed kulturu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Modern\u00ed arm\u00e9n\u0161tina, kter\u00e1 vznikla v 19. stolet\u00ed, dnes existuje ve dvou kodifikovan\u00fdch form\u00e1ch, a to z\u00e1padn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed<\/strong>. V\u00fdchodn\u00ed arm\u00e9n\u0161tinou se hovo\u0159\u00ed v Arm\u00e9nii a \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9 postsov\u011btsk\u00e9 diaspo\u0159e a v sou\u010dasnosti se rovn\u011b\u017e vyu\u010duje na Filozofick\u00e9 fakult\u011b Univerzity Karlovy v Praze<\/strong><\/a>. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed arm\u00e9n\u0161tinu pak u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zbyl\u00ed mluv\u010d\u00ed diaspory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arm\u00e9nsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo bylo vytvo\u0159eno v roce 405 n.l. a z\u00e1sluhu na n\u011bj nese arm\u00e9nsk\u00fd mnich jm\u00e9nem Mesrop Ma\u0161toc. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vych\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159eck\u00e9 abecedy<\/strong> a poprv\u00e9 bylo pou\u017eito k p\u0159ekladu hebrejsk\u00e9 Bible a k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona. Tomuto p\u00edsmu se \u0159\u00edkalo a dodnes \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 grabar<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Na rozd\u00edl od \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka arm\u00e9n\u0161tina m\u00edsto p\u0159edlo\u017eek (propozic) v\u00edce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tzv. z\u00e1lo\u017eky (postpozice)<\/strong>, a to p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ve spojen\u00ed s podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem ve 2. p\u00e1d\u011b (genitivu). Arm\u00e9n\u0161tina d\u00e1le nem\u00e1 kategorii rodu<\/strong>, tud\u00ed\u017e nerozli\u0161uje podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na na mu\u017esk\u00e1, \u017eensk\u00e1 \u010di st\u0159edn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na se v arm\u00e9n\u0161tin\u011b stejn\u011b jako \u010de\u0161tin\u011b sklo\u0148uj\u00ed v kategori\u00edch 7 p\u00e1d\u016f a rozli\u0161uje se \u010d\u00edslo mno\u017en\u00e9 a jednotn\u00e9. Stejn\u011b tak se u sloves vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed standartn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 kategorie (osoba, \u010d\u00edslo, zp\u016fsob apod.). Slovesa se v arm\u00e9n\u0161tin\u011b rozd\u011bluj\u00ed do dvou slovesn\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd <\/strong>podle koncovky v infinitivu (-a kardal<\/em>, –e grel<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Arm\u00e9n\u0161tina m\u00e1 35 hl\u00e1sek, z nich\u017e pouh\u00fdch 6 tvo\u0159\u00ed samohl\u00e1sky a 29 souhl\u00e1sky. V jazyce se rozli\u0161uj\u00ed dv\u011b R<\/em>, a to na monovibra\u010dn\u00ed a polyvibra\u010dn\u00ed<\/strong>, a specifickou hl\u00e1skou je tak\u00e9 tzv. glot\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u0159en\u00e1 hl\u00e1ska gh<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Samohl\u00e1sky<\/strong> netvo\u0159\u00ed opozice na kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 a dlouh\u00e9, jako je tomu v \u010desk\u00e9m jazyce, ale odli\u0161uj\u00ed se podle toho, zda jsou otev\u0159en\u00e9 \u010di zav\u0159en\u00e9<\/strong> \u2013 podobn\u011b jako nap\u0159\u00edklad ve francouz\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong><\/a>. Arm\u00e9nsk\u00e1 abeceda se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 39 znak\u016f a vypad\u00e1 n\u00e1sledovn\u011b (v tabulce jsou uvedeny kapit\u00e1lky i mal\u00e1 p\u00edsmena):<\/p>\n\n\n\n Zdroj: https:\/\/omniglot.com\/images\/writing\/armenian_east.gif<\/p>\n\n\n\n Grabar je zn\u00e1m jako jazyk prvn\u00edho p\u0159ekladu<\/strong><\/a>, kter\u00fd se stal standardem pro ve\u0161kerou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed literaturu. Jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed vedlo k tomu, co bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za zlat\u00fd v\u011bk arm\u00e9nsk\u00e9 literatury<\/strong>. Skr\u00fdval znateln\u00e9 n\u00e1\u0159e\u010dn\u00ed variace mluven\u00e9ho jazyka a pou\u017e\u00edval se pro liter\u00e1rn\u00ed, historick\u00e9, teologick\u00e9, v\u011bdeck\u00e9, ale i praktick\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed texty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prvn\u00ed arm\u00e9nsk\u00e9 periodikum, Azdarar (1794)<\/strong>, bylo vyti\u0161t\u011bno tak\u00e9 v Grabaru, nicm\u00e9n\u011b koncem 18. stolet\u00ed se mluven\u00fd jazyk natolik odli\u0161il od psan\u00e9 formy, \u200b\u200b\u017ee jazyk tisku ji\u017e nebyl srozumiteln\u00fd pro \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V 19. stolet\u00ed se rozpor mezi grabarem, kter\u00fd nad\u00e1le p\u0159evl\u00e1dal jako psan\u00fd jazyk<\/a><\/strong>, a jeho mluvenou variantou, kter\u00e1 se mezit\u00edm rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161tila do \u010detn\u00fdch dialekt\u016f, natolik rozrostl, \u017ee vzniklo hnut\u00ed za vytvo\u0159en\u00ed modern\u00edho standardn\u00edho jazyka<\/strong>, kter\u00fd by byl srozumiteln\u00fd pro v\u0161echny a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vhodn\u00fd pro pou\u017eit\u00ed ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Toto hnut\u00ed nakonec p\u0159ineslo dv\u011b diglossick\u00e9 varianty modern\u00edho standardn\u00edho jazyka. Ty byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b kodifikov\u00e1ny jako z\u00e1padn\u00ed a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed varianta jazyka, s nimi\u017e se v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme setkat. Grabar v\u0161ak nad\u00e1le z\u016fstal jazykem form\u00e1ln\u00edho vysok\u00e9ho stylu i b\u011bhem 19. stolet\u00ed a dodnes jej vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 arm\u00e9nsk\u00e1 apo\u0161tolsk\u00e1 c\u00edrkev<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Jazyk, jeho\u017e p\u00edsmo bylo inspirov\u00e1no \u0159eckou abecedou a jemu\u017e se v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u00e1lokter\u00fd jazyk podob\u00e1, to je arm\u00e9n\u0161tina. Ko\u0159eny arm\u00e9n\u0161tiny sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 5. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu a v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je vyu\u010dov\u00e1na na Univerzit\u011b Karlov\u011b v Praze. V\u00edte, kde se s n\u00ed d\u00e1le setk\u00e1te? Jak\u00fdm jazykem je arm\u00e9n\u0161tina? Arm\u00e9n\u0161tina je \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm jazykem v Arm\u00e9nsk\u00e9 republice a p\u0159edstavuje samostatnou v\u011btev indoevropsk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 rodiny. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2426","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2426"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2426\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8282,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2426\/revisions\/8282"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2426"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2426"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2426"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Arm\u00e9nsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo a gramatika<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Arm\u00e9nsk\u00e1 abeceda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-65.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPrvn\u00ed klasick\u00e1 forma p\u00edsma: grabar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Vznik modern\u00ed arm\u00e9n\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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