{"id":2405,"date":"2025-03-14T17:07:17","date_gmt":"2025-03-14T16:07:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/presto.digiamo.cz\/presto\/?p=2405"},"modified":"2025-07-06T16:24:25","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T14:24:25","slug":"hebrejstina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/hebrejstina","title":{"rendered":"Hebrej\u0161tina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Izrael je st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd se v&nbsp;jarn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch chlubil nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed proo\u010dkovanost\u00ed vakc\u00ednou proti nemoci covid-19. Jinak jej zn\u00e1me tak\u00e9 jako zemi nepokoj\u016f, jeliko\u017e ji\u017e od sv\u00e9ho zalo\u017een\u00ed bojuje o&nbsp;uzn\u00e1n\u00ed. My tu te\u010f ale nebudeme \u0159e\u0161it konflikty a&nbsp;politiku, zaj\u00edm\u00e1 n\u00e1s te\u010f jeho\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/uredni-jazyk\">\u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk<\/a><\/strong>, tedy\u00a0<a href=\"page\/preklady-heb\"><strong>hebrej\u0161tina<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obsah \u010dl\u00e1nku:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fakta o&nbsp;hebrej\u0161tin\u011b,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>hebrej\u0161tina a&nbsp;jidi\u0161,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>zaj\u00edmavosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-56-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-56-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-56-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-56-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-56.png 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fakta o&nbsp;hebrej\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hebrej\u0161tina je&nbsp;<strong>semitsk\u00fd<\/strong>&nbsp;jazyk, jeho\u017e ko\u0159eny sahaj\u00ed a\u017e&nbsp;<strong>do 10.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem<\/strong>, tehdy ov\u0161em samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existovala&nbsp;<strong>hebrej\u0161tina starov\u011bk\u00e1<\/strong>, d\u00e1le pokra\u010dovala&nbsp;<strong>biblick\u00e1<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;dnes \u017eidovsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost mluv\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>hebrej\u0161tinou modern\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jazyk v&nbsp;sou\u010dasnosti \u010d\u00edt\u00e1\u00a0<strong>p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 milion\u016f mluv\u010d\u00edch<\/strong>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jde samoz\u0159ejm\u011b o\u00a0<strong>obyvatele Izraele<\/strong>, d\u00e1l pak i&nbsp;jin\u00e9 zem\u011b\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%A1_diaspora\"><strong>\u017eidovsk\u00e9 diaspory<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(nap\u0159. USA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Grafick\u00fd z\u00e1pis je uskute\u010d\u0148ov\u00e1n&nbsp;<strong>hebrejsk\u00fdm p\u00edsmem<\/strong>. Abeceda se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z&nbsp;22 konsonant\u016f a&nbsp;z\u00e1pis prob\u00edh\u00e1&nbsp;<strong>zprava doleva<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A co jidi\u0161?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S \u017didy si spojujeme nejen hebrej\u0161tinu, ale i&nbsp;pr\u00e1v\u011b jidi\u0161. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed si mo\u017en\u00e1 mysl\u00ed, \u017ee to jsou dv\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e1 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed pro jeden jazyk, tak tomu ov\u0161em nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jidi\u0161 je jazyk&nbsp;<strong>z\u00e1padogerm\u00e1nsk\u00fd<\/strong>&nbsp;a&nbsp;ozna\u010duje cosi jako \u017eidovskou n\u011bm\u010dinu. Mnoz\u00ed se dohaduj\u00ed o&nbsp;tom, zda se jedn\u00e1 o&nbsp;samostatn\u00fd jazyk, \u010di pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed n\u011bm\u010diny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A\u0165 u\u017e je to jazyk, \u010di pouze n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed, vych\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z&nbsp;n\u011bm\u010diny, nen\u00ed<\/strong>&nbsp;to tedy hebrej\u0161tina. Mluv\u010d\u00edch \u010d\u00edt\u00e1 ov\u0161em&nbsp;<strong>p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b t\u0159i miliony<\/strong>, patrn\u011b i&nbsp;proto jeho existenci mnoz\u00ed z&nbsp;n\u00e1s chovaj\u00ed v&nbsp;pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zaj\u00edmavosti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V z\u00e1v\u011bru u\u017e se poj\u010fme pod\u00edvat jen na n\u011bkolik zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed ze sv\u011bta hebrej\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00fdt? Hebrejsky sp\u00ed\u0161 neb\u00fdt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee sloveso b\u00fdt pova\u017eujeme za z\u00e1klad v\u0161eho, hebrej\u0161tina jej&nbsp;<strong>postr\u00e1d\u00e1<\/strong>. Zkr\u00e1tka toto sloveso vypou\u0161t\u00ed nebo jej nahrazuje jin\u00fdmi. S&nbsp;podobn\u00fdm jevem se lze setkat nap\u0159. i&nbsp;v&nbsp;ru\u0161tin\u011b, kter\u00e1 sloveso b\u00fdt takt\u00e9\u017e vypou\u0161t\u00ed, ov\u0161em jen v&nbsp;n\u011bkter\u00fdch situac\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zprava doleva \u2013 ale pro\u010d?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, hebrej\u0161tina se zapisuje opa\u010dn\u011b, ne\u017e jsme zvykl\u00ed, tedy zprava doleva. D\u016fvodem toho bylo \u00fadajn\u011b to, \u017ee v&nbsp;dob\u00e1ch, kdy se tesalo dl\u00e1tem do kamene, bylo zkr\u00e1tka jednodu\u0161\u00ed tak prov\u00e1d\u011bt pr\u00e1v\u011b zprava doleva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u00edsmeno sem, \u010d\u00edslo tam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>U sm\u011bru je\u0161t\u011b z\u016fstaneme, proto\u017ee zat\u00edmco p\u00edsmena se zapisuj\u00ed zprava doleva, \u010d\u00edslice se p\u00ed\u0161ou zleva doprava. Kdo se v&nbsp;tom m\u00e1 pak vyznat?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abjad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To nen\u00ed jm\u00e9no \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho izraelsk\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dce, tak se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u00edsmo, jeho\u017e p\u00edsmena vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed pouze souhl\u00e1sky. Tedy i&nbsp;p\u00edsmo hebrejsk\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o&nbsp;sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/anglictina\">Angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/francouzstina\">Francouz\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/nemcina\">N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Izrael je st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd se v&nbsp;jarn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch chlubil nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed proo\u010dkovanost\u00ed vakc\u00ednou proti nemoci covid-19. Jinak jej zn\u00e1me tak\u00e9 jako zemi nepokoj\u016f, jeliko\u017e ji\u017e od sv\u00e9ho zalo\u017een\u00ed bojuje o&nbsp;uzn\u00e1n\u00ed. My tu te\u010f ale nebudeme \u0159e\u0161it konflikty a&nbsp;politiku, zaj\u00edm\u00e1 n\u00e1s te\u010f jeho\u00a0\u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed jazyk, tedy\u00a0hebrej\u0161tina. Obsah \u010dl\u00e1nku: Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fakta o&nbsp;hebrej\u0161tin\u011b Hebrej\u0161tina je&nbsp;semitsk\u00fd&nbsp;jazyk, jeho\u017e ko\u0159eny sahaj\u00ed a\u017e&nbsp;do 10.&nbsp;stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2405"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8569,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2405\/revisions\/8569"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}