- \n
- n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace o japon\u0161tin\u011b,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- jej\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a v\u00fdznam,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-48-1024x683.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace o japon\u0161tin\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
M\u00edv\u00e1me tendence porovn\u00e1vat japon\u0161tinu s \u010d\u00edn\u0161tinou. Koneckonc\u016f oba jazyky jsou asijsk\u00e9 a jejich grafick\u00fd z\u00e1pis se n\u00e1m jev\u00ed jako rozsypan\u00fd \u010daj. Nenechte se ale m\u00fdlit. Tyto rozsypan\u00e9 \u010daje se od sebe v mnoh\u00e9m li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Japon\u0161tina pat\u0159\u00ed do\u00a0rodiny japonsko-rjk\u00fakj\u00fask\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 se vlastn\u011b skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z\u00a0japon\u0161tiny a jej\u00edch dal\u0161\u00edch dialekt\u016f<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 v tomto je jazyk velmi podobn\u00fd\u00a0\u010d\u00edn\u0161tin\u011b<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0neboli \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdm jazyk\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00edm ale v\u0161echna p\u0159\u00edbuznost kon\u010d\u00ed, proto\u017ee naj\u00edt p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 jazyky japon\u0161tin\u011b je pom\u011brn\u011b o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ek, p\u0159esto\u017ee je \u010dasto spojov\u00e1na s\u00a0korej\u0161tinou<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u010di altajsk\u00fdmi jazyky, mezi kter\u00e9 je japon\u0161tina ob\u010das \u0159azen\u00e1 (nikoli ale jednozna\u010dn\u011b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grafick\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Nejsp\u00ed\u0161 prvn\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, na kterou u asijsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f pomysl\u00edme, je pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u00edsmo, jin\u00fdmi slovy ten d\u011bsupln\u00fd rozsypan\u00fd \u010daj. Lh\u00e1t v\u00e1m nebudeme, jednoduch\u00fd grafick\u00fd syst\u00e9m to nen\u00ed. A stejn\u00fd jako t\u0159eba ten \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd tak\u00e9 ne, nesta\u010d\u00ed tedy nau\u010dit se jedno p\u00edsmo pro celou Asii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Japon\u0161tina pro grafick\u00fd z\u00e1pis vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vlastn\u011b dohromady t\u0159i znakov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, a to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- kand\u017ei<\/strong> \u2013 vyvinut z \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma, u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed ko\u0159enu slova,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- hiragana<\/strong> \u2013 koncovky a \u010d\u00e1stice,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- katakana<\/strong> \u2013 p\u0159epis ciz\u00edch slov, zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed textu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Posledn\u00ed dva syst\u00e9my lze souhrnn\u011b pojmenovat jako kana<\/strong> a jedn\u00e1 se o slabi\u010dn\u00e9 abecedy, kand\u017ei je p\u00edsmo morfemografick\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Japon\u0161tina zapisuje bez mezer<\/strong> a ve sloupc\u00edch odshora dol\u016f, zprava doleva<\/strong> \u2013 pro n\u00e1s tedy obr\u00e1cen\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-49-1024x683.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nGramatika<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Z gramatick\u00e9ho hlediska se japon\u0161tina m\u016f\u017ee tv\u00e1\u0159it pom\u011brn\u011b jednodu\u0161e, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b podstatn\u00fdch jmen nerozezn\u00e1v\u00e1 rod a \u010d\u00edslo, u sloves pak ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed osobu a \u010d\u00edslo. T\u00edm to ale kon\u010d\u00ed, proto\u017ee japonsk\u00e1 gramatika samoz\u0159ejm\u011b obsahuje i nespo\u010detn\u00e9 slo\u017eitosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Za zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed stoj\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b zdvo\u0159ilosti<\/strong>. Japon\u0161tina se toti\u017e neomezuje pouze na vyk\u00e1n\u00ed a tyk\u00e1n\u00ed jako nap\u0159. \u010de\u0161tina. \u0158e\u0161\u00ed se i styl mluvy, a ne nijak okrajov\u011b \u2013 v\u00e1\u0161 konverza\u010dn\u00ed prot\u011bj\u0161ek si o v\u00e1s ud\u011bl\u00e1 obr\u00e1zek i v tomto ohledu. \u00darovn\u011b zdvo\u0159ilosti existuj\u00ed v z\u00e1kladu \u010dty\u0159i, a to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d<\/strong> \u2013 nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se mezi dosp\u011bl\u00fdmi, nevyjad\u0159uje d\u016fv\u011brnost ani nerovnost,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- uctiv\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d<\/strong> \u2013 u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di v\u00fd\u0161e postaven\u00fdm (profesn\u011b i dle v\u011bku),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- skromn\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d<\/strong> \u2013 souvis\u00ed s \u0159e\u010d\u00ed uctivou a sni\u017euje v\u00fdznam n\u00ed\u017ee postaven\u00fdch,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- d\u016fv\u011brn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148<\/strong> \u2013 bez zdvo\u0159ilostn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, mluva mezi d\u011btmi a v rodin\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a v\u00fdznam japon\u0161tiny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Co se t\u00fd\u010de mluv\u010d\u00edch, ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 japon\u0161tinu necel\u00fdch 130 milion\u016f lid\u00ed<\/strong>. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o obyvatele Japonska<\/strong>, d\u00e1le pak o men\u0161iny v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A pro\u010d bychom se m\u011bli u\u010dit japonsky t\u0159eba my tady v \u010cech\u00e1ch?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
U\u010den\u00ed nov\u00fdch jazyk\u016f prosp\u00edv\u00e1 mozku a nab\u00edz\u00ed to spoustu nov\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed. To plat\u00ed ale pochopiteln\u011b o v\u0161ech jazyc\u00edch. V \u010dem se ale m\u016f\u017ee hodit zrovna znalost japon\u0161tiny?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u016f\u017eete cht\u00edt\u00a0nav\u0161t\u00edvit Japonsko<\/strong>\u00a0\u010di tam dokonce n\u011bjakou dobu \u017e\u00edt. Nebo m\u016f\u017eete pracovat\u00a0v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0mnoha japonsk\u00fdch firem<\/strong>\u00a0(Fujitsu, Olympus, Sony, Nintendo\u2026), kde se znalost tohoto asijsk\u00e9ho jazyka takt\u00e9\u017e m\u016f\u017ee hodit. Znalost jazyka vyu\u017eijete tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u00a0p\u0159ekladech<\/strong><\/a>, nebo\u00a0tlumo\u010den\u00ed<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nejsou to ale jen oblasti b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u017eivota a pr\u00e1ce. Pr\u00e1v\u011b z Japonska toti\u017e poch\u00e1z\u00ed t\u0159eba\u00a0anime<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u010di\u00a0manga<\/strong><\/a>, co\u017e jsou \u017e\u00e1nry (filmov\u00fd a komiksov\u00fd), jim\u017e jako znalci jejich origin\u00e1ln\u00edho jazyka jist\u011b porozum\u00edte na \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9 \u00farovni, zejm\u00e9na co se t\u011bch komiks\u016f t\u00fd\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Co se t\u00fd\u010de\u00a0mangy<\/strong><\/a>, panuj\u00ed dokonce zv\u011bsti, \u017ee se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00edce pap\u00edru na v\u00fdrobu komiks\u016f ne\u017e na v\u00fdrobu toaletn\u00edch pap\u00edr\u016f. A\u0165 je to pravda, \u010di nikoli, je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee skrze komiksy jsou spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak se japonsk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit. A v\u00a0japon\u0161tin\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/image-50-1024x667.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nZaj\u00edmavosti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Z ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch informac\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee japon\u0161tina skute\u010dn\u011b je zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm jazykem. M\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1s p\u0159ekvapit je\u0161t\u011b n\u011b\u010d\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edm? Posu\u010fte sami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Japon\u0161tina nen\u00ed t\u00f3nov\u00fd jazyk<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ano, i tento jazyk m\u00e1 sv\u016fj ur\u010dit\u00fd rytmus a p\u0159\u00edzvuky, kter\u00e9 jsou pot\u0159eba dodr\u017eovat. P\u0159ekvapiv\u011b se ale nejedn\u00e1 o t\u00f3nov\u00fd jazyk typu \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina \u010di jin\u00e9 asijsk\u00e9 jazyky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Rychl\u00edk mezi jazyky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Zat\u00edmco Flash je nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed mu\u017e na sv\u011bt\u011b, japon\u0161tina se \u0159ad\u00ed mezi nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed jazyky na sv\u011bt\u011b. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ale plat\u00ed, \u017ee Japonec toho za ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek \u0159ekne pom\u011brn\u011b hodn\u011b co se t\u00fd\u010de kvantity, po informa\u010dn\u00ed u\u017e je to ale hor\u0161\u00ed. Tedy kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek = spousta hl\u00e1sek = m\u00e1lo informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Dev\u00e1t\u00fd nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jazyk<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Vlastn\u011b to nen\u00ed a\u017e tak p\u0159evratn\u00e1 informace vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee jazykem mluv\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 milion\u016f lid\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je to ale z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee Japonsky se skute\u010dn\u011b mluv\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u011b jen v Japonsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Homofony<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Pokud v\u00e1m p\u0159ijdou t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 homofony v angli\u010dtin\u011b, pak jste nikdy nevid\u011bli ty japonsk\u00e9. V japon\u0161tin\u011b existuje i osm r\u016fzn\u00fdch znak\u016f, kter\u00e9 znamenaj\u00ed n\u011bco \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9ho, ale vyslovuj\u00ed se stejn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. Me, myself and I<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Anglicky mluv\u00edc\u00ed obvi\u0148ujeme z egocentrismu, jeliko\u017e z\u00e1jmeno j\u00e1 (I) p\u00ed\u0161ou velk\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem. Japonci to dovedli na \u00fapln\u011b novou \u00farove\u0148, ti toto z\u00e1jmeno dok\u00e1\u017eou vyj\u00e1d\u0159it v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b to ale nemus\u00ed \u0159\u00edkat nic o egocentrismu, sv\u016fj pod\u00edl na tom<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky o sv\u011btov\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Angli\u010dtina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Francouz\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- N\u011bm\u010dina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Se zem\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho slunce si spoj\u00ed Japonsko snad ka\u017ed\u00fd. V\u00edte ale, pro\u010d se tak t\u00e9to zemi \u0159\u00edk\u00e1? My samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ano. Vlastn\u011b to nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd komplikovan\u00fd d\u016fvod, je to p\u0159eklad n\u00e1zvu. Nihonkoku neboli japonsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev pro Japonsko se toti\u017e skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed znak\u016f \u2013 ni (= slunce) + hon (= p\u016fvod) + koku (= zem\u011b). Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-slovnik-pojmu"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2385"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8558,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2385\/revisions\/8558"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presto.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Francouz\u0161tina<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- uctiv\u00e1 \u0159e\u010d<\/strong> \u2013 u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di v\u00fd\u0161e postaven\u00fdm (profesn\u011b i dle v\u011bku),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- hiragana<\/strong> \u2013 koncovky a \u010d\u00e1stice,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- kand\u017ei<\/strong> \u2013 vyvinut z \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma, u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed ko\u0159enu slova,<\/li>\n\n\n\n